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After 29 years of thinking about it, Stephen
Hawking says he was wrong about black holes. The renowned Cambridge
University physicist formally presented a paper on July 14 arguing that
black holes, the celestial vortexes formed from collapsed
stars, preserve traces of objects swallowed
up and eventually could spit bits out
"in a mangled form."
Hawking's radical new theory caps his three-decade struggle to explain
a paradox in scientific thinking: How can objects really "disappear"
inside a black hole and leave no trace, as he long believed, when
subatomic theory says matter can be transformed but never fully destroyed?
Hawking had previously insisted that black holes destroy all molecular
fingerprints of their contents and emit only a generic form of radiation.
But at the 17th International Conference on General
Relativity and Gravitation, Hawking presented mind-boggling
new calculations that suggest
black holes are able to cast out their contents - and that there's only
one way in and one way out.
Hawking, 62, said he no longer believes a 1980s theory that black holes
might offer passage into another universe, a rival explanation for
identifying where matter and energy go when consumed by a black hole.
Hawking now sides with particle physicists who have
long insisted that any matter swallowed by a black hole can't just
disappear but must eventually generate a specific output. The latest
theory offers hope that scientists one day may identify the history of
what a black hole has taken in over the eons
- by decoding what it emits.
"There is no baby universe branching off (inside a black hole), as I
once thought. The information remains firmly in our universe," Hawking
said in a speech to about 800 physicists and other scientists from 50
countries. "I'm sorry to disappoint science fiction fans, but if
information is preserved, there is no possibility of using black holes to
travel to other universes.
"If you jump into a black hole, your mass energy will be returned to
our universe, but in a mangled form, which contains the information about
what you were like, but in an unrecognizable state."
Hawking's new theory produced waves of skepticism and puzzlement from
leading physics professors. Two in the front row - William Unruh of the
University of British Columbia and Robert Wald of the University of
Chicago - shrugged and shook their heads in disbelief as Hawking spoke.
"Hawking is completely revising his prior belief that what goes into a
black hole is washed out. Now he believes that anything emitted from a
black hole can be identifiable back to its source," said Wald, an expert
on black holes. "He's running away from what we still believe."
Unruh said: "Part of the problem is he's providing so few details, so
it's impossible to know whether we can believe these calculations. Stephen
Hawking's not stupid, so we're going to take what he says seriously ...
but the whole theory we're hearing seems extremely speculative."
(Agencies) |
經(jīng)過(guò)29年的思考，斯蒂芬·霍金表示，他以前對(duì)黑洞的看法是錯(cuò)誤的。7月14日，這位劍橋大學(xué)的著名物理學(xué)家正式發(fā)表了一篇論文，認(rèn)為黑洞這種由星體殘骸演化成的漩渦會(huì)保留被吞噬物體的痕跡，而且終將釋放出少量“被撕碎”的物質(zhì)。
霍金激進(jìn)的新理論顛覆了他30年來(lái)為了科學(xué)地解釋“黑洞悖論”而進(jìn)行的努力：被吸入黑洞的物體怎樣才能真正“消失”，不留一點(diǎn)痕跡呢？長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)他一直是這樣認(rèn)為的，而亞原子理論認(rèn)為物質(zhì)的形式可以相互轉(zhuǎn)換，但不可能完全消失。
此前，霍金堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為，黑洞會(huì)摧毀其中所包含的一切“微小信息”，然后只是正常向外輻射能量。
但是，在第17屆國(guó)際廣義相對(duì)論和萬(wàn)有引力大會(huì)上，霍金提出了令人難以置信的新的計(jì)算結(jié)果，認(rèn)為黑洞能夠?qū)⑼淌傻奈镔|(zhì)慢慢釋放出來(lái)，而且吸收和釋放的方式都只有一種。
62歲的霍金說(shuō)他不再相信20世紀(jì)80年代的理論，當(dāng)時(shí)的理論認(rèn)為黑洞可能可以通往另一個(gè)宇宙空間，這正好可以用來(lái)解釋被黑洞吞噬的物質(zhì)和能量去了哪里。
霍金現(xiàn)在站在粒子物理學(xué)家一邊，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，粒子物理學(xué)家們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為任何被黑洞吞噬的物質(zhì)都不會(huì)憑空消失，最后必然以一種特殊的方式釋放出來(lái)。最新的理論讓我們看到了希望：有朝一日，科學(xué)家們也許能夠通過(guò)解析黑洞釋放出的信息來(lái)確定黑洞長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)的“吞噬史”。
霍金面對(duì)來(lái)自50個(gè)國(guó)家的大約800名物理學(xué)家和其他科學(xué)家發(fā)表了演講，他說(shuō)：“（黑洞里）沒(méi)有我曾設(shè)想過(guò)的子宇宙分支，物質(zhì)信息仍然牢牢地保存在我們這個(gè)宇宙里。我很遺憾這讓科幻迷們失望了，但如果物質(zhì)信息被保存了，（我們）就不可能利用黑洞去別的宇宙空間旅行。”
“如果你跳進(jìn)一個(gè)黑洞，你的物質(zhì)能量將以一種‘被撕裂'的形式返回到我們的宇宙中，其中包含你以前的信息，但是已經(jīng)處于無(wú)法辨認(rèn)的狀態(tài)。”
霍金的新理論在物理學(xué)權(quán)威中激起了懷疑和困惑的浪潮。霍金在發(fā)表演講時(shí)，其中的兩位領(lǐng)軍人物——英國(guó)哥倫比亞大學(xué)的威廉·翁魯和芝加哥大學(xué)的羅伯特·沃爾德——不斷聳肩搖頭表示懷疑。
黑洞專(zhuān)家沃爾德說(shuō)：“霍金完全改變了他自己以前的觀點(diǎn)，霍金以前認(rèn)為進(jìn)入黑洞的一切都會(huì)被‘沖走'。現(xiàn)在他相信從黑洞釋放出的任何物質(zhì)都能追溯到來(lái)源。他已經(jīng)偏離了我們?nèi)匀粓?jiān)信的理論。”
翁魯說(shuō)：“部分問(wèn)題在于他提供的詳細(xì)證據(jù)太少，因此我們不可能知道這些計(jì)算結(jié)果是否值得相信。斯蒂芬·霍金并不傻，因此我們會(huì)認(rèn)真考慮他的話……但我們所聽(tīng)到的整個(gè)理論似乎純粹來(lái)自推理。”
（中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)站譯） |
Updated: 2004-08-06 16:36
