久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

  Home>News Center>Life
         
 

China grapples with legacy of its 'missing girls'
(Agencies)
Updated: 2004-09-15 09:38

China is asking where all the girls have gone.

An age-old bias for boys, combined with China's one-child policy imposed since 1980, has produced what Gu Baochang, a leading Chinese expert on family planning, described as "the largest, the highest, and the longest" gender imbalance in the world.


A Chinese father carries his child at a park in Shanghai on September 8th. After 11 years of negative population growth, China's eastern financial hub of Shanghai has cancelled rewards for married couples who decide not to have children. [AP]
Ancient practice

For centuries, Chinese families without sons feared poverty and neglect. The male offspring represented continuity of lineage and protection in old age.

The traditional thinking is best described in the ancient "Book of Songs" (1000-700 B.C.):

"When a son is born, Let him sleep on the bed, Clothe him with fine clothes, And give him jade to play... When a daughter is born, Let her sleep on the ground, Wrap her in common wrappings, And give broken tiles to play..."

After the People's Republic of China has established in 1949, Mao Zedong rejected traditional Malthusian arguments that population growth would eventually outrun food supply, and firmly regarded China's huge population as an asset, then with an annual birth rate of 3.7 percent. China's sex ratio in the 60's and 70's remained normal.

Then in the early 1980s, China began enforcing an ambitious demographic engineering policy to limit families to one-child, as part of its strategy to fast-track economic modernization.

The policy resulted in a slashed annual birth rate of 1.29 percent by 2002, or the prevention of some 300 million births, and the current population of close to 1.3 billion.

'Missing girls'

From a relatively normal ratio of 108.5 boys to 100 girls in the early 80s, the male surplus progressively rose to 111 in 1990, 116 in 2000, and is now is close to 120 boys for each 100 girls at the present time, according to a Chinese think-tank report.

The shortage of women is creating a "huge societal issue,” warned U.N. resident coordinator Khalid Malik earlier this year.

Along with HIV/AIDS and environmental degradation, he said it was one of the three biggest challenges facing China.

"In eight to 10 years, we will have something like 40 to 60 million missing women," he said, adding that it will have "enormous implications" for China's prostitution industry and human trafficking.

China's own population experts have been warning for years about the looming gender crisis.

"The loss of female births due to illegal prenatal sex determination and sex-selective abortions will affect the true sex ratio at birth and at young ages, creating an unbalanced population sex structure in the future and resulting in potentially serious social problems," argued Peking University's chief demographer back in 1993.

Prenatal sex selection

The abortion of female fetuses was aided by the spread of cheap and portable ultra-sound scanners in the 1980's. Illegal mobile scanning and backstreet hospitals can provide a sex scan for as little as $50, according to one report.

"Prenatal sex selection was probably the primary cause, if not the sole cause, for the continuous rise of the sex ratio at birth," said population expert Prof. Chu Junhong.

A slew of reports have confirmed the disturbing demographic trend.

In a 2002 survey conducted in a central China village, more than 300 of the 820 women had abortions and more than a third of them admitted they were trying to select their baby's sex.

According to a report by the International Planned Parenthood Federation, the vast majority of aborted fetuses, more than 70 percent, were female, citing the abortion of up to 750,000 female fetuses in China in 1999.

A report by Zhang Qing, population researcher of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said the gender imbalance is "statistically related to the high death rate of female babies, with female death rate at age zero in the city or rural areas consistently higher than male baby death rate."

Only seven of China's provinces are within the world's average sex ratio. Zhang Qing's report cited eight provinces from North to South China, where there were 26 to 38 percent more boys than girls.

In the last census in 2000, there were nearly 19 million boys more than girls in the 0-15 age group. "We have to act now or the problem will become very serious," said Peking University sociologist Prof. Xia Xueluan. He cited the need to strengthen social welfare system in the countryside to weaken the traditional preference for boys.

Gravity of imbalance beginning to be felt

The hint of "serious" problems ahead can be seen in the increasing cases of human trafficking as bachelors try to "purchase" their wives.

China's police have freed more than 42,000 kidnapped women and children from 2001 to 2003.

The vast army of surplus males could pose a threat to China's stability, argued two Western scholars. Valerie M. Hudson and Andrea M. Den Boer, who recently wrote a book on the "Security Implications of Asia's Surplus Male Population," cited two rebellions in disproportionately male areas in Manchu Dynasty China.

According to analysis, low-status young adult men with little chance of forming families of their own are "much more prone to attempt to improve their situation through violent and criminal behavior in a strategy of coalitional aggression."

The growing crime rate in China which is being linked to China's massive "floating" or transient population, some 80 million of which are low-status males, seems to add weight to their observation.

Girl Care Project

The imbalance has spurred some official efforts to shift public opinion.

The "Girl Care Project" is described as a multi-pronged approach to encourage the birth of girls, although some experts complain that it's being framed in terms of the future needs of men.

"That's too male-oriented and discriminatory of women," said Dr. Gu, the population control expert.

According to one estimate, over the next decade, some 40 million Chinese men will be unable to find wives due to the "scarcity" of females, thus the growing number of so-called "bachelors' villages" in various parts of China.

"This project ought to be seen as a way to foster more respect and concern for women and girls," Gu said.

The program aims to end pre-birth sex selection, as well as "attacking the criminal activities of drowning and abandoning baby girls [while] rewarding and assisting families that plan to give birth to baby girls," reported The People's Daily.

Benefits for girls

The pilot program is being launched in more than a dozen of China's poorest provinces, with funding split between the national and local government.

'We still have a lot of work to do. There's no road map yet on how to achieve the goal of normal sex ratio.'

— Dr. Gu Baochang

Population control expert

Leading the way is Fujian province where some $24 million has been allocated for distribution among nearly half a million households, with some 100,000 girls to be exempt from school fees.

Under the program, couples who limit themselves to two girls would receive a combined annual pension of about $150 for the rest of their lives. Preferential treatment in health care, housing and employment would also be provided.

A recent glowing report in the The People's Daily cited a village where new houses for beneficiaries worth more than $2,300 each were built along a "Family Planning Basic Policy Street.”

China's birth control policy is now "a diversified mechanism," according to Population Vice-Minister Zhao Baige, which allows for one-child in the cities, two in the rural areas, and three in ethnic regions, with no limit in Tibet.

"To normalize the sex ratio, illegal sex determination and sex-selective abortions must be strictly banned," Zhao declared recently.

An American demographer, who has been closely following China's population program and who spoke on condition of anonymity, lauded China's "coming to grips" with the problem.

"Still, they are in a deep dilemma -- emotional and policy dilemma -- because the solution to the problem will conflict with other parts of their population strategy to reduce birth rate or some of the measures could perhaps make the problem even worse," warned the demographer.

"We still have a lot of work to do," said Dr.Gu. "There's no road map yet on how to achieve the goal of normal sex ratio."



Zhang readies another martial-arts saga
Forbs listed student writer enchants Y-generation
Madonna performs in Lisbon
  Today's Top News     Top Life News
 

US Congress resolution on HK strongly opposed

 

   
 

China pushes for talks on Korean issue

 

   
 

Financial criminals get tough penalty

 

   
 

CPC enhances fight against corruption

 

   
 

Traffic accidents causing more deaths

 

   
 

Blood reserve growing in quality, quantity

 

   
  China grapples with legacy of its 'missing girls'
   
  Backstreet Boys to take China
   
  'Slutwear' is so last year on New York runways
   
  Sexual prejudices in mass media
   
  Hello Kitty, 30, is still the cat's meow
   
  'Batman' protested at queen's palace
   
 
  Go to Another Section  
 
 
  Story Tools  
   
  Related Stories  
   
Number of girl children declines sharply in India
  Feature  
  Chinese Lady Dai leaves Egyptian mummies for dead  
Advertisement
         
久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

    奇米视频7777| 亚洲熟妇无码一区二区三区导航| 日韩网站在线免费观看| 一道本在线免费视频| 欧美大片在线播放| 在线观看视频黄色| 国产精品99久久免费黑人人妻| 久久观看最新视频| 天天爱天天操天天干| 精品无码国产一区二区三区av| 成人日韩在线视频| 欧美性大战久久久久xxx| 日韩久久久久久久久久久久| 91精品999| 青青青在线视频免费观看| 久久国产午夜精品理论片最新版本| 午夜啪啪小视频| 免费裸体美女网站| 国产av天堂无码一区二区三区| 日本一二三区视频在线| 97人人爽人人| 黄色手机在线视频| 国产97色在线 | 日韩| 黄色www网站| 97碰在线视频| 国产在线视频综合| 日本丰满大乳奶| 国产免费色视频| 天堂av在线8| 亚洲最大成人在线观看| 最新中文字幕免费视频| 999精品网站| 国产在线青青草| 黄色免费视频大全| 黄色一级视频片| 国产午夜福利100集发布| 青青在线免费观看| 成人av在线播放观看| 亚洲小视频在线播放| 伊人成人免费视频| 国产一级免费大片| 色中文字幕在线观看| 99re99热| 亚洲中文字幕无码一区二区三区 | 一个色综合久久| 欧美性猛交久久久乱大交小说| 爱福利视频一区二区| 久久精品.com| 毛葺葺老太做受视频| www.天天射.com| 亚洲图色中文字幕| 日韩不卡的av| 91亚洲一区二区| 波多野结衣 作品| 波多野结衣av一区二区全免费观看| 久久久久久久9| av之家在线观看| 久久精品一区二| 欧美特级aaa| 特黄特黄一级片| www国产免费| 久久综合九色综合88i| 日本www高清视频| 亚洲免费黄色网| 国产日产欧美一区二区| 欧美极品少妇无套实战| 香港三级韩国三级日本三级| 午夜激情福利在线| 亚洲一区二区中文字幕在线观看| 91精品一区二区三区四区| 国产xxxx振车| 亚洲精品一二三四五区| 天天久久综合网| 无码熟妇人妻av在线电影| 欧洲av无码放荡人妇网站| 一区二区三区入口| 干日本少妇视频| 久久精品国产精品亚洲色婷婷| 亚洲精品视频导航| 18视频在线观看娇喘| 黄色影院一级片| 亚洲午夜精品一区| 国产真实老熟女无套内射| 国产免费人做人爱午夜视频| 国产欧美激情视频| 亚洲小视频在线播放| aa免费在线观看| 视频一区二区视频| 亚洲中文字幕无码不卡电影| 亚洲精品mv在线观看| 国产女主播自拍| 国产精品区在线| 免费在线观看视频a| 在线看的黄色网址| 欧美一区二区激情| jizz欧美性11| 精品少妇人妻av免费久久洗澡| 国产精品一区二区小说| 国产自产在线视频| 极品粉嫩美女露脸啪啪| 久久成人免费观看| 日本特黄在线观看| 精品人妻一区二区三区四区在线| 亚洲综合在线一区二区| 国产在线观看福利| 波多野结衣 作品| 少妇一级淫免费放| 久色视频在线播放| 992tv人人草| 日本中文字幕高清| 欧美极品欧美精品欧美| 99热一区二区三区| 高清一区在线观看| 99热自拍偷拍| 国产欧美精品aaaaaa片| 亚洲国产午夜精品| 男人舔女人下面高潮视频| 日本精品久久久久久久久久| 亚洲精品免费一区亚洲精品免费精品一区 | 精品无码国模私拍视频| 欧美激情第四页| 国产精品欧美激情在线观看| 欧美极品少妇无套实战| 亚洲精品国产久| 黑森林精品导航| 国产l精品国产亚洲区久久| 国产精品视频二| 久久综合在线观看| 黄大色黄女片18第一次| 黄色免费观看视频网站| 日韩一区二区高清视频| 青青草免费在线视频观看| 污污的视频免费观看| 欧美国产日韩在线播放| 免费看一级大黄情大片| 国产一二三区在线播放| 在线观看17c| 青青草免费在线视频观看| 91亚洲一区二区| 日韩av片专区| 天天影视色综合| 天堂在线资源视频| 亚洲五月天综合| 男人的天堂日韩| 日韩无套无码精品| 成人一级片网站| 国产成人精品视频免费看| 婷婷五月综合缴情在线视频| www.xxx麻豆| 国产高清www| 日本福利视频一区| 给我免费播放片在线观看| 欧妇女乱妇女乱视频| 97在线国产视频| 免费视频爱爱太爽了| 日韩成人手机在线| 高清欧美精品xxxxx| 国产免费黄视频| 人妻有码中文字幕| 一本久道综合色婷婷五月| 国内自拍视频一区| 一级片视频免费观看| 欧美成人乱码一二三四区免费| caoporm在线视频| aaa免费在线观看| 国产女教师bbwbbwbbw| 亚洲中文字幕无码av永久| 内射国产内射夫妻免费频道| 苍井空浴缸大战猛男120分钟| 日本中文字幕高清| 特级黄色片视频| bt天堂新版中文在线地址| 免费看国产曰批40分钟| 日本精品www| 视频在线观看免费高清| 激情成人在线观看| 欧美国产视频一区| 日本三级免费网站| 三上悠亚av一区二区三区| 色男人天堂av| 人妻夜夜添夜夜无码av| 亚洲精品无码久久久久久| 色www免费视频| mm131午夜| 自慰无码一区二区三区| 高清av免费看| www.18av.com| 免费观看日韩毛片| 日本中文字幕二区| 欧美大黑帍在线播放| 国产一区亚洲二区三区| 伊人色在线视频| 日本福利视频一区| 三上悠亚在线一区二区| 国产一区二区三区播放| 欧美日韩在线不卡视频| 偷拍盗摄高潮叫床对白清晰| 玩弄中年熟妇正在播放| 97超碰成人在线| 欧美乱大交xxxxx潮喷l头像|