久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

HK's social enterprises exhibit new entrepreneurial flair

Updated: 2013-08-07 07:18

By Li Kui-wai(HK Edition)

  Print Mail Large Medium  Small

HK's social enterprises exhibit new entrepreneurial flair

Hong Kong has always been a dynamic city but does not have an agricultural sector to fall back on. The Hong Kong economy has no choice but to move ahead, even in recessionary times. Formerly known as "positive non-intervention", the "big market, small government" policy is still the key to solving economic ills through the market system. There is the Chinese saying that "crisis brings opportunity", meaning that though there is much complaint, businesses and people in Hong Kong do not rely too much on the government. Instead, they look for new opportunities, a constant rejuvenating factor in the economy. Hence, the difficulty of a recession gradually pushes people and businesses to look for new opportunities to survive, increase employment and make profits using their ingenuity, knowledge and cooperation.

It is against such an economic background that a growing number of "social enterprises" have been set up in the city since mid-2000. They have a number of common economic features. One is that it has a social content, meaning that it does have a "welfare" element in the business, and that the existence of the social enterprises does serve certain "social inadequacy" in the market economy. Simply put, a normal profit-making business may not be interested in establishing a social enterprise. Thus, a social enterprise is basically a quasi-welfare institution that aims to fulfill some welfare assistance in the market system.

Since a social enterprise is non profit-making, its economics work on the "average cost equals average revenue" principle. As such, the social enterprise will have no profit as its total cost is covered by total revenue, and there is no surplus in theory. However, because of this "zero-profit" equation, a social enterprise could make an economic loss, even though it provides a social service. The question then becomes how much a social enterprise can go into the red before a crisis of its own will emerge, and who will come to its rescue financially? Of course, a social enterprise can also make a surplus over a "business cycle" in order to balance its books.

On the contrary, it is equally possible that a social enterprise can be profitable. Like any other business, it may not have too much competition at the outset. Even though it is not profit driven, it could be somewhat "monopolistic" in the market at an initial stage. As such, social enterprises will end up like any private business and face the economic outcome in the market.

Another feature of social enterprises is that their businesses tend to be small, minor and may not be attractive to profit-maximizing businesses. Various repairing businesses, personal service to the elderly, food banks for those on low income, collection of renewable materials, are examples. Even though they are established as social enterprises, these are actually new areas of business in Hong Kong.

Because of the economic recession and little opportunity in mainstream businesses, certain social entrepreneurs found that social enterprises would give them a handsome start as the cost of running the business was low, and the welfare image of the business could be attractive as it meant providing "care" to the less privileged groups in the recession economy. There is thus the psychological advantage in setting up social enterprises.

Social enterprises are a new form of business in Hong Kong. They may appear not to be profit-maximizing, but they nonetheless involve costs paid and revenue received. As such, they are no different from any normal business enterprise. They may serve as pioneers in new businesses, which is good as it shows people or businesses in Hong Kong have looked to new channels of business which can help widen and diversify the city's economy.

The popularity and growth of social enterprises have expanded businesses that otherwise would not be provided by mainstream businesses. Their services do create new jobs, especially among the low-skilled workers and serve to alleviate the economic hardship of some needy people. This is their major credit.

The author is associate professor of the Department of Economics and Finance at City University of Hong Kong.

(HK Edition 08/07/2013 page1)

久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

    亚洲视频在线一区观看| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产精品| 狠狠狠色丁香婷婷综合激情| 精品国产免费久久 | 美女被吸乳得到大胸91| 精品国产sm最大网站免费看| 国产精品1区2区3区| 日本一区免费视频| 91亚洲精品久久久蜜桃网站| 一区二区三区在线看| 欧美区在线观看| 日本成人超碰在线观看| 精品国产91久久久久久久妲己| 国产精品一二三| 成人免费在线视频观看| 91在线精品秘密一区二区| 亚洲综合色区另类av| 欧美精品色一区二区三区| 麻豆91精品91久久久的内涵| 国产日韩欧美综合在线| 91国偷自产一区二区使用方法| 亚洲国产精品久久不卡毛片| 91精品欧美久久久久久动漫 | 欧美日韩午夜影院| 久久精品国产久精国产| 国产精品丝袜91| 精品视频一区二区不卡| 国产一区在线精品| 亚洲欧美日韩国产另类专区| 欧美一区二区三区影视| 成人免费高清在线观看| 香蕉久久一区二区不卡无毒影院| 久久一二三国产| 91激情五月电影| 国产精品中文有码| 亚洲国产精品一区二区尤物区| 久久婷婷色综合| 欧美午夜视频网站| 国产黄色精品视频| 亚洲大片免费看| 亚洲国产成人在线| 91精品综合久久久久久| 97久久人人超碰| 精品中文字幕一区二区小辣椒| 日韩一区有码在线| 精品国产伦一区二区三区观看体验 | 欧美日韩中文字幕一区二区| 国产毛片精品视频| 亚洲一二三四区不卡| 久久久九九九九| 欧美高清www午色夜在线视频| 国产成人午夜99999| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添亚洲女人| 中文字幕av一区二区三区| 欧美一级黄色录像| 在线中文字幕一区| 国产suv精品一区二区6| 日本午夜一本久久久综合| 一区二区三区丝袜| 欧美激情综合网| 欧美电视剧免费全集观看| 欧美亚洲一区二区在线观看| 成人免费毛片片v| 狂野欧美性猛交blacked| 亚洲自拍偷拍欧美| 国产精品美女久久久久久久| 欧美tickling挠脚心丨vk| 欧美日韩一级二级| 色综合久久综合| 粉嫩aⅴ一区二区三区四区五区| 久久精品99国产国产精| 亚洲va欧美va国产va天堂影院| 亚洲欧美在线观看| 国产三级精品三级在线专区| 精品国产乱码久久久久久免费| 欧美精品一级二级| 日本韩国精品在线| av不卡在线观看| 国产99久久久国产精品潘金网站| 精品一区免费av| 免费人成精品欧美精品| 91麻豆自制传媒国产之光| 久久99国产精品久久99果冻传媒| 日韩二区在线观看| 亚洲1区2区3区视频| 亚洲永久精品大片| 亚洲激情在线激情| 亚洲视频在线观看三级| 国产精品久久久久久亚洲伦 | 日韩激情中文字幕| 亚洲高清视频中文字幕| 一区二区三区丝袜| 一区2区3区在线看| 一区二区三区四区国产精品| 亚洲精品国产第一综合99久久| 亚洲欧美色一区| 亚洲人成伊人成综合网小说| 成人免费视频在线观看| 综合久久综合久久| 亚洲欧美另类在线| 怡红院av一区二区三区| 亚洲精品中文在线观看| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久 | 粉嫩嫩av羞羞动漫久久久| 国产激情一区二区三区四区| 国产精品 日产精品 欧美精品| 高清国产午夜精品久久久久久| 大尺度一区二区| 99视频精品在线| 一本到不卡免费一区二区| 色婷婷激情综合| 欧美午夜理伦三级在线观看| 亚洲三级在线免费| 亚洲欧美激情视频在线观看一区二区三区 | 久久精品人人做人人爽97| 久久久午夜精品| 亚洲国产精品传媒在线观看| 国产精品午夜在线观看| 亚洲欧洲在线观看av| 成人免费视频在线观看| 一区二区三区视频在线观看| 一区二区在线免费观看| 午夜影院久久久| 麻豆91在线播放免费| 国产91精品露脸国语对白| av福利精品导航| 欧美色图免费看| 欧美成人精品福利| 欧美国产精品一区二区三区| 亚洲视频一区二区在线观看| 亚洲一二三四久久| 蜜臀av一区二区| 国产99精品视频| 色噜噜狠狠色综合中国| 在线91免费看| 久久综合九色综合97婷婷| 国产精品久久久久久久岛一牛影视| 亚洲激情图片小说视频| 日韩激情av在线| 国产精品99久久不卡二区| 一本色道综合亚洲| 91精品国产一区二区人妖| 久久天天做天天爱综合色| 综合自拍亚洲综合图不卡区| 婷婷开心激情综合| 国模少妇一区二区三区| 成人av影视在线观看| 欧美日韩激情一区二区| 欧美精品一区二区在线观看| 日韩伦理免费电影| 欧美bbbbb| 白白色亚洲国产精品| 欧美日韩情趣电影| 久久午夜羞羞影院免费观看| 亚洲精品成人在线| 麻豆国产精品一区二区三区 | 亚洲国产精品麻豆| 国产在线不卡一区| 色先锋久久av资源部| 欧美zozo另类异族| 亚洲男女一区二区三区| 久久成人精品无人区| 色94色欧美sute亚洲线路二| 欧美xxxx老人做受| 一区二区三区波多野结衣在线观看| 久久99这里只有精品| 色欧美片视频在线观看在线视频| 欧美v日韩v国产v| 亚洲精品免费电影| 国产成人夜色高潮福利影视| 欧美肥妇free| 国产精品久久久久久妇女6080| 免费高清视频精品| 色婷婷av一区二区三区软件 | 成人免费视频app| 日韩一级在线观看| 一区二区三区在线不卡| 国产麻豆视频精品| 5858s免费视频成人| 亚洲天堂a在线| 国产在线播精品第三| 欧美三级韩国三级日本三斤| 国产精品三级久久久久三级| 美日韩一区二区三区| 在线视频国内一区二区| 欧美激情在线观看视频免费| 免费观看在线色综合| 在线观看www91| 国产精品黄色在线观看| 激情五月婷婷综合网| 欧美日韩一区三区| 亚洲婷婷综合久久一本伊一区| 国产一区二区在线免费观看| 欧美精品在线观看播放| 亚洲精品免费在线| 99久久精品国产毛片| 久久婷婷成人综合色| 久久机这里只有精品| 欧美久久久久久蜜桃| 亚洲综合久久av|