久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

Live organ donation ethics need careful consideration

Updated: 2017-04-21 08:49

By Philip Li(HK Edition)

  Print Mail Large Medium  Small 分享按鈕 0

Philip Li says criteria such as donor's age cannot be taken lightly and changes to the rules need thorough discussion

Chronic diseases are the leading causes of death and disability globally. It was projected that approximately 50 million people will die of chronic diseases annually by 2020. This is related to the growing aging population and the increase in the comorbid (a medical condition that co-occurs with another) illnesses of the population. One of the consequences is the increasing incidences of organ failure that can occur. End-stage organ failures involving kidney, liver, heart and lungs are potentially or immediately life threatening. In Hong Kong, organ transplants involving these patients are lifesaving procedures with good chances of success and the availability of organs is, in many circumstances, the limiting factor to save that patient's life.

Last year there were more than 2,000 end-stage kidney failure patients waiting for kidney transplants in Hong Kong while there were only 60 kidney transplants from deceased donors, and 18 live kidney transplants. Over the past five years, there were on average about 100 patients awaiting liver transplants while on average only about 30 to 50 liver transplants from deceased donors and about a similar number of live liver transplants occur in Hong Kong each year.

Live organ donation ethics need careful consideration

Organ donation is an area where ethical challenges can never be understated; these potentially affect clinicians, donors and their families, recipients and their families and the community at large. The four major areas of biomedical ethics: Respect of autonomy, non-maleficence (obligation not to inflict harm intentionally), beneficence (done for the benefit of others) and justice come into play when organ donation together with organ allocations is considered.

The recent issue of legal age for live organ donation, whether it should be lowered or discretionary power be given, has created heated discussion in Hong Kong.

In the assessment and selection of living organ donors, in-depth physical and psychosocial assessments are crucial. The process should be guided by ethical principles to protect the donor. To provide informed consent, potential donors should be free from coercion, have the capacity to make the donation decision independently, have all relevant information and comprehension of potential outcomes. The clinical team taking care of the transplant should understand the donor's motives, commitment and views on the trade-off between the risks and non-medical benefits of donations.

According to the Human Organ Transplant Ordinance of Hong Kong, the requirement of the donor includes: The donor concerned has reached the age of 18; the donor has given his/her consent to the proposed organ removal without coercion or the offer of inducement and has not subsequently withdrawn his/her consent.

It is not difficult to understand that the age criterion is to protect the minors of society. The controversy lies in whether 18 years of age is the right minimum age for such a decision.

Medical practice aims to do "no harm" to healthy people but live organ donation can be viewed as going against this premise. It is important to realize the ethical implications and the potential psychological morbidity should not be underestimated, even to an adult over 18 years of age. In addition, the donor may be under direct or implied pressure from family or the patient to donate, with a perceived obligation to proceed with the operation. Coercion in any form can have a detrimental impact on the donor's ability to make a balanced decision regarding the risks and benefits of the procedure for both parties involved. At the same time, despite rigorous and elaborate preoperative investigation and assessment, the transplanted organ may fail or be rejected. This can have devastating psychological sequelae (the consequence of a previous disease or injury) and potential donors need extensive counseling to consider the risks carefully.

In Hong Kong, a living donor below 18 is not legally allowed and such protection by the law should be respected. The legal age for making such decisions may vary between countries. However, any change should be preceded by an extensive discussion within the society taking into consideration the prevailing social and cultural conditions as well as the latest scientific evidence. The emotions of trying urgently to save a life may clash against the risks and legality of amending the law on an ad hoc basis. The recent case sparked widespread discussion about how someone three months short of the legal age should be given due consideration for donation as an exception. Then controversies will heighten if the gap to 18 years old widens to 6 months, 12 months or even 18 months and so on. Every time there will be calls for making exceptions to the law which faces a serious challenge to its original intention to protect the minors who may be pressurized, really or virtually, to become "unwilling" donors.

The altruism of the live donor for the liver failure patient in the recent incident is most admirable. It is also sad to note a potentially suitable deceased liver donation could not materialize during this period. The deceased organ donation situation in Hong Kong is far from satisfactory. A lot of work from the government, Hospital Authority and the whole transplant community of Hong Kong has been done to promote organ donation. It can only be hoped that with more deceased and live organ donations, the call for such controversy will not need to happen again. It may also be apropos for the community to have a debate now on introducing an organ donation by default program.

(HK Edition 04/21/2017 page1)

久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

    久久精品久久精品| 91小视频在线免费看| 久久久777精品电影网影网| 国产精品亚洲第一区在线暖暖韩国| 国产午夜精品福利| 91欧美一区二区| 婷婷夜色潮精品综合在线| 亚洲精品在线三区| caoporm超碰国产精品| 亚洲国产欧美日韩另类综合| 91精品午夜视频| 国产成人在线视频网站| 亚洲精品第一国产综合野| 欧美挠脚心视频网站| 国产一区二区三区精品视频| 中文字幕在线免费不卡| 欧美丰满嫩嫩电影| 国产成人欧美日韩在线电影| 有码一区二区三区| 日韩精品一区二区三区中文不卡| 成人精品高清在线| 五月天久久比比资源色| 亚洲chinese男男1069| 精品国产乱码久久| 91视频.com| 日本va欧美va精品发布| 国产精品家庭影院| 欧美丰满嫩嫩电影| www.亚洲人| 捆绑紧缚一区二区三区视频| 国产精品免费aⅴ片在线观看| 欧美精选在线播放| 暴力调教一区二区三区| 日韩avvvv在线播放| 国产精品久久久久aaaa| 91精品国产综合久久蜜臀| 成人免费视频一区| 免费看欧美女人艹b| 亚洲欧美偷拍另类a∨色屁股| 欧美一区二区三区免费观看视频| 成人精品在线视频观看| 美女尤物国产一区| 亚洲精品视频在线观看免费| 精品精品国产高清a毛片牛牛| 91久久精品一区二区三| 国产一区二区福利视频| 婷婷综合久久一区二区三区| 国产精品免费视频网站| 日韩天堂在线观看| 日本高清成人免费播放| 国产福利一区二区三区视频| 亚洲丶国产丶欧美一区二区三区| 国产精品网站导航| 亚洲精品在线观看视频| 欧美丰满高潮xxxx喷水动漫| 97精品国产露脸对白| 国产精品99久久久久久久女警| 婷婷国产v国产偷v亚洲高清| 亚洲日本一区二区三区| 久久精品一级爱片| 日韩一区二区三区观看| 欧美色电影在线| 91丝袜呻吟高潮美腿白嫩在线观看| 久久精品国产99| 亚洲国产成人av| 亚洲精品欧美激情| 国产精品日韩精品欧美在线| 精品国产一区二区三区久久影院 | 久久中文字幕电影| 69久久99精品久久久久婷婷| 色欧美88888久久久久久影院| 国产传媒日韩欧美成人| 韩国女主播成人在线观看| 日本伊人色综合网| 爽好久久久欧美精品| 亚洲一区二区三区四区不卡| 亚洲人成网站色在线观看| 亚洲国产岛国毛片在线| 久久亚洲精华国产精华液| 欧美成人艳星乳罩| 91精品久久久久久久久99蜜臂| 欧美在线短视频| 色诱视频网站一区| 色综合天天综合| 91在线国产福利| 成熟亚洲日本毛茸茸凸凹| 国产伦理精品不卡| 国产精品1区二区.| 国产99一区视频免费| 国产精品亚洲一区二区三区妖精 | 亚洲同性gay激情无套| 国产精品福利影院| 国产精品区一区二区三| 国产精品免费视频观看| 中文字幕一区二区三区av| 中文字幕在线不卡| 亚洲男女一区二区三区| 亚洲欧美日本韩国| 一片黄亚洲嫩模| 亚洲电影中文字幕在线观看| 亚洲大片一区二区三区| 午夜精品一区二区三区电影天堂 | 亚洲va天堂va国产va久| 亚洲成人精品影院| 日韩在线播放一区二区| 日本在线不卡视频| 韩国女主播一区二区三区| 国产精品综合久久| 高清国产午夜精品久久久久久| 成人网男人的天堂| 91网站黄www| 欧美三级视频在线观看| 777午夜精品视频在线播放| 日韩免费在线观看| 国产亚洲精品aa| 亚洲欧洲另类国产综合| 一区二区三区在线免费视频 | 韩国欧美一区二区| 国产白丝网站精品污在线入口| 高清国产一区二区三区| 色综合久久综合| 欧美日韩午夜在线| 欧美大度的电影原声| 国产日韩三级在线| 亚洲精品中文字幕乱码三区| 亚洲v精品v日韩v欧美v专区| 久久精品国产99国产| 成人综合日日夜夜| 在线影院国内精品| 91精品国产免费| 国产欧美一区二区在线观看| 亚洲人成小说网站色在线 | 99久久精品一区| 欧美日韩日日摸| 精品免费日韩av| 中文字幕亚洲区| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添国产精品| 久久69国产一区二区蜜臀| 春色校园综合激情亚洲| 欧美三区在线视频| 久久综合999| 一区二区三区在线视频免费观看| 日本视频中文字幕一区二区三区| 国产一二精品视频| 欧美在线观看视频一区二区三区| 日韩视频在线你懂得| 国产精品美女视频| 午夜久久电影网| 风间由美性色一区二区三区| 欧洲在线/亚洲| 久久久精品免费网站| 亚洲精品美腿丝袜| 韩国女主播一区二区三区| 色激情天天射综合网| 精品国产青草久久久久福利| 亚洲视频网在线直播| 久久成人18免费观看| 色婷婷综合久久久久中文| 精品国偷自产国产一区| 亚洲美女淫视频| 国产综合色产在线精品| 在线精品视频免费观看| 久久九九99视频| 午夜影视日本亚洲欧洲精品| 国产成人精品一区二| 亚洲欧美日韩中文字幕一区二区三区 | 午夜精品福利久久久| 成人一级视频在线观看| 91精品国产综合久久精品| 国产精品国模大尺度视频| 毛片基地黄久久久久久天堂| 91日韩在线专区| 久久众筹精品私拍模特| 婷婷综合在线观看| 93久久精品日日躁夜夜躁欧美| 欧美成人高清电影在线| 一区二区三区四区在线| 国产成a人亚洲精品| 日韩一区二区免费电影| 亚洲一区二区三区视频在线播放| 国产大陆a不卡| 欧美成人高清电影在线| 亚洲va欧美va天堂v国产综合| jizz一区二区| www亚洲一区| 日韩在线观看一区二区| 日本韩国欧美国产| 国产精品久久影院| 国产米奇在线777精品观看| 91精品午夜视频| 一区二区国产盗摄色噜噜| www.成人在线| 国产欧美一区二区精品秋霞影院| 免费的成人av| 欧美日韩国产精品成人| 亚洲精品美国一| 91亚洲永久精品| 亚洲欧洲国产日韩| 粉嫩av一区二区三区在线播放| 精品欧美乱码久久久久久1区2区 |