久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

USEUROPEAFRICAASIA 中文雙語Fran?ais
China
Home / China / View

China's tough options on climate change

By Zhang Zhongxiang | China Daily Europe | Updated: 2015-12-13 13:39

Pilot carbon trading has shown encouraging progress, and well-designed program will play crucial role

Representatives of more than 195 governments have been in Paris negotiating a new universal climate change agreement to keep the average rise in global temperatures below 2 C. It should come as no surprise that China, as the world's largest carbon emitter, has been under the spotlight in the run-up to this conference.

Indeed, in international climate change negotiations, China's role is an issue of perennial concern. In particular, the focus has been on the lack of quantitative, absolute emissions commitments.

China's tough options on climate change

In line with changing domestic and international contexts, China is recalibrating its stance and strategy. Its participation in international negotiations has evolved from a peripheral role to gradually taking center stage. This is reflected in its hard commitments to cap carbon emissions by 2030 under the joint China-US climate statement announced in Beijing late last year.

According to the statement, China aims to cap emissions around 2030, or earlier if possible, and increase the share of nonfossil fuels in its energy mix to about 20 percent by 2030.

These commitments were incorporated into China's pledge - intended nationally determined contribution - to the United Nations. In addition, China has vowed to reduce carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 60 to 65 percent by 2030 compared with 2005 levels.

These long-awaited commitments are ambitious, encourage other major parties to follow suit, and markedly increase the prospects of the Paris conference.

China is certainly doing its part to reach a legally binding agreement in the French capital. The country would be most hard hit if climate change continues unabated. Moreover, the past three decades of Chinese economic reforms have witnessed a shift in control over resources and decision-making to local governments. This devolution placed environmental stewardship in the hands of local officials and polluting enterprises more concerned with economic growth and profits than the environment.

The central government has had difficulty in getting effective cooperation from local governments in meeting energy-saving and pollution-cutting goals. From this perspective, having a legally binding international agreement allows Beijing to pressure local authorities and enterprises to meet energy and environmental goals in the name of fulfilling national commitments to the international agreement.

How China's carbon emissions are likely to develop, or at what level they will peak, is still an open question. This determines whether China's commitments are ambitious enough and could be among the contentious issues affecting the outcome of Paris and subsequent negotiations.

At the UN climate summit in Lima, parties were requested to submit national pledges well in advance of the Paris conference. This amounts to two significant shifts in international negotiations: from the original UN climate convention emphasis on developed country leadership to a fully global process, and from the Kyoto-style, quantity-based, legally binding "commitments" toward voluntary and broad "contributions" to defuse major points of contention, such as sovereignty issues.

More than 190 countries submitted pledges ahead of the Paris meeting, covering 95 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, compared with only 15 percent covered by the Kyoto Protocol. These pledges, if fully implemented, put us on track for an average rise in the global temperature of 2.7 C, not as bad as the estimated 4 C or 5 C without these commitments. But they are not sufficient to hold the average rise to below the safe level of 2 C.

Limiting the temperature rise raises the issue of increasing ambitions over time. This is of paramount importance to any post-2020 deal.

There are two ways to increase China's ambition. One is to indicate a peak level of carbon dioxide emissions. Just as estimates of peak time differ, estimates of peak levels also differ significantly across studies. An optimistic estimate puts the peak level at less than 9 gigatons, assuming widespread adoption of more advanced low- or zero-carbon technologies without factoring in adoption costs and behavioral changes.

A joint study by Tsinghua University and Australian National University suggests China's carbon emissions will peak during the 2020s and return to below the 2020 level by 2030 and then to around current levels by 2040.

My educated estimate is that China's peak level in 2030 will not be lower than 10 gigatons. The country did not set a peak level in the pledges submitted to the UN.

Another way to show ambition would be to set emissions targets for 2025. The current level of ambition for China and the rest of the world under the 2030 timeframe is not consistent with limiting the global average temperature increase below 2 C. There is still a significant emissions gap in meeting this goal. If China sets stringent emissions targets for 2025, and parties in Paris agree on emissions targets for 2025, this would help avoid the risk of locking in insufficient actions and an inadequate emissions pathway for 15 years.

It has been proposed that a process be launched in Paris of regular, periodic updating of contributions - for example, every five years - with parties expected to progress in the level of ambition in each round in line with their national circumstances. If that can be agreed upon, then binding goals for 2030 could be set by 2020.

While the second option is even more stringent than the first, neither of them is easy for China. To what extent China is willing to go along will no doubt be based on a combination of Beijing's own assessment of its responsibility, economic and political benefits and climate change effects, while also taking into consideration mounting diplomatic and international pressure, and the give and take of international negotiations. Whether a consensus on these issues can be reached will determine the outcome of the Paris conference.

Regardless, China, for its own sake, will honor the commitments to the UN. China is working on its 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-20) and its carbon emissions target will likely be incorporated as a domestic commitment for the first time in Beijing's economic plan.

Meeting the 2020 domestic goal and the 2030 hard commitments will require significant economic restructuring and technology upgrading. Both are conducive to carbon mitigation, and mitigation provides a variety of ancillary benefits, such as reductions in conventional air pollutants and health risks, so this creates a new impetus for structural economic reforms to maximize synergy between climate change mitigation efforts and structural economic reforms.

This synergy could be further enhanced by capping nationwide coal consumption to let it peak during the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-20), and for carbon emissions to peak between 2025 and 2030. To that end, China needs to put in place new policies and measures while strengthening and expanding existing flagship programs and supportive economic policies to genuinely shift to a low-carbon economy.

China's pilot carbon trading has shown encouraging progress, and a well-designed, well-implemented and well-operated national carbon program will play a crucial role in helping China meet its carbon control targets.

The author is a professor at Tianjin University's College of Management and Economics. He is a fellow with the Asia and the Pacific Policy Society in Australia, and the Chinese representative of the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists. The views do not necessarily reflect those of China Daily.

Editor's picks
Copyright 1995 - . All rights reserved. The content (including but not limited to text, photo, multimedia information, etc) published in this site belongs to China Daily Information Co (CDIC). Without written authorization from CDIC, such content shall not be republished or used in any form. Note: Browsers with 1024*768 or higher resolution are suggested for this site.
License for publishing multimedia online 0108263

Registration Number: 130349
FOLLOW US
久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

    日韩精品一级中文字幕精品视频免费观看| 免费亚洲电影在线| 欧美视频一区二区在线观看| 亚洲高清免费视频| 日韩精品中文字幕在线不卡尤物| 国产毛片精品一区| 亚洲欧洲av色图| 欧美日韩一区二区在线观看| 六月丁香婷婷久久| 欧美激情自拍偷拍| 欧美无砖专区一中文字| 日本免费新一区视频| 久久精品亚洲乱码伦伦中文| 色婷婷综合五月| 蜜乳av一区二区三区| 中文字幕va一区二区三区| 欧洲视频一区二区| 国内精品久久久久影院一蜜桃| 亚洲国产精品黑人久久久| 在线日韩国产精品| 国产在线视频一区二区| 亚洲精品高清视频在线观看| 欧美电影一区二区| 国产91综合网| 视频在线观看91| 国产精品视频免费| 欧美精品在线一区二区| 国产成人在线色| 亚洲va欧美va天堂v国产综合| 久久久精品欧美丰满| 91国内精品野花午夜精品| 久久国产剧场电影| 一区二区三区在线视频观看 | 日韩欧美自拍偷拍| 99精品热视频| 九一九一国产精品| 亚洲一区二区在线免费观看视频| 精品国免费一区二区三区| 一本到不卡免费一区二区| 久久国产婷婷国产香蕉| 亚洲另类春色国产| 精品处破学生在线二十三| 在线观看视频一区二区| 国产一区不卡视频| 亚洲成人黄色影院| 国产精品的网站| 欧美va在线播放| 欧美亚洲一区三区| 成人精品一区二区三区四区| 免费人成精品欧美精品 | 麻豆精品国产传媒mv男同| 国产精品麻豆欧美日韩ww| 日韩欧美视频一区| 欧美视频一区在线观看| 成人深夜福利app| 精品综合免费视频观看| 亚洲国产精品久久不卡毛片 | 欧美丰满少妇xxxbbb| 9色porny自拍视频一区二区| 久久国产精品第一页| 亚洲一级片在线观看| 国产精品传媒在线| 久久久久久一级片| 日韩欧美中文字幕一区| 欧美日精品一区视频| 99久久国产综合精品色伊| 国产伦精品一区二区三区免费迷 | 欧美人牲a欧美精品| 91在线小视频| 成人综合婷婷国产精品久久蜜臀| 久久99精品久久只有精品| 日韩有码一区二区三区| 亚洲中国最大av网站| 国产精品久久久久aaaa| 久久久99精品久久| 精品国产在天天线2019| 欧美一级专区免费大片| 欧美日韩电影一区| 欧美三片在线视频观看| 色噜噜狠狠色综合欧洲selulu| 成人久久久精品乱码一区二区三区| 久久av老司机精品网站导航| 日本伊人午夜精品| 日韩激情视频网站| 视频一区视频二区在线观看| 亚洲狠狠爱一区二区三区| 亚洲精品免费在线| 亚洲欧美另类小说| 成人欧美一区二区三区小说| 国产精品久久影院| 中文字幕日韩一区二区| 国产精品欧美综合在线| 国产精品美日韩| 中文成人av在线| 国产精品区一区二区三| 国产精品久久久久aaaa樱花| 国产精品不卡在线| 中文字幕亚洲电影| 亚洲美女视频在线| 亚洲综合清纯丝袜自拍| 亚洲国产另类av| 午夜激情综合网| 日韩精品一区第一页| 青青草一区二区三区| 日本sm残虐另类| 精品影视av免费| 国产福利91精品一区二区三区| 国产传媒日韩欧美成人| 成人午夜私人影院| 99在线精品免费| 91激情五月电影| 欧美美女一区二区三区| 日韩欧美国产小视频| 久久久精品免费观看| 中文无字幕一区二区三区 | 久久99久久久久久久久久久| 韩国av一区二区三区在线观看 | 国产精品99久久久久久似苏梦涵 | 国产偷国产偷精品高清尤物| 欧美国产日韩a欧美在线观看| 国产精品入口麻豆原神| 亚洲三级在线免费观看| 亚洲自拍偷拍综合| 免费看欧美美女黄的网站| 激情综合网最新| 成人av免费在线观看| 欧美影院一区二区| 日韩网站在线看片你懂的| 久久免费视频一区| 亚洲欧洲av在线| 亚洲成a人片在线观看中文| 麻豆成人久久精品二区三区小说| 国产成人亚洲综合色影视| 一本色道久久综合亚洲精品按摩| 欧美美女黄视频| 久久久精品国产99久久精品芒果| 自拍偷拍亚洲综合| 日韩av一二三| 成人污污视频在线观看| 欧美在线观看18| 精品va天堂亚洲国产| 最新日韩av在线| 天天综合日日夜夜精品| 国产很黄免费观看久久| 在线看国产日韩| 久久色.com| 樱花草国产18久久久久| 久久精品国产77777蜜臀| 成人av在线看| 欧美一级日韩免费不卡| 国产精品视频一二| 日韩av中文字幕一区二区| 粉嫩av亚洲一区二区图片| 国产欧美日本一区视频| 一区2区3区在线看| 国产一区二区女| 日本久久一区二区三区| 久久综合一区二区| 亚洲国产精品精华液网站| 国产老肥熟一区二区三区| 欧美在线看片a免费观看| 久久免费电影网| 亚洲二区视频在线| 成人h精品动漫一区二区三区| 欧美高清dvd| 中文字幕在线观看不卡| 另类欧美日韩国产在线| 91免费视频大全| 久久久电影一区二区三区| 一区二区三区鲁丝不卡| 国产成人午夜视频| 91.com视频| 亚洲麻豆国产自偷在线| 经典三级视频一区| 欧美日韩国产首页在线观看| 国产精品你懂的| 老司机精品视频导航| 欧美亚洲尤物久久| 亚洲欧洲精品一区二区三区不卡| 精一区二区三区| 欧美精品xxxxbbbb| 亚洲精品一二三| 懂色中文一区二区在线播放| 日韩一二三区视频| 亚洲一区二区精品视频| bt欧美亚洲午夜电影天堂| 精品女同一区二区| 日韩在线一二三区| 欧美伊人久久久久久午夜久久久久| 欧美国产日韩亚洲一区| 激情小说亚洲一区| 日韩一区和二区| 亚洲电影激情视频网站| 99久久久久久| 日本一区二区三区视频视频| 韩国欧美国产1区| 日韩一级片在线观看| 天堂va蜜桃一区二区三区漫画版| 91玉足脚交白嫩脚丫在线播放| 国产日产欧美精品一区二区三区|