久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

USEUROPEAFRICAASIA 中文雙語(yǔ)Fran?ais
China
Home / China / View

Curb graft to boost growth, reduce poverty

By Asit K. Biswas / Cecilia Torta Jada / Augustin Boey | China Daily | Updated: 2016-05-09 08:28

Corruption is perhaps as old as human civilization. But with steadily growing population, accelerating economic activities, and intensification of global inequalities, it has become more commonplace and pervasive. Alan Greenspan, former chairman of the US Federal Reserve, has said: "Corruption, embezzlement and fraud are all characteristics that exist everywhere! It is regrettably the way human nature functions, whether we like it or not".

The magnitude and extent of global corruption is difficult to estimate because such activities are always covert and invariably done in secret. The World Bank estimates that bribery paid across the world every year exceeds $1 trillion. The World Economic Forum estimates corruption costs now exceed 5 percent of global GDP, a huge sum by any account.

Corruption seriously hinders poverty alleviation in developing countries in Asia. According to the Asian Development Bank, some 320 million people in Asia live in absolute poverty. Close to 30 percent of these poor are from South Asia and about 25 percent are from Southeast Asia. Poverty alleviation can at best be incremental when corruption eats into significant amounts of development funds. Asian countries like China, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, which together account for half the world's population, all face pervasive corruption.

A World Bank analysis indicates that if developing countries can control corruption and the rule of law is properly enforced, per capita income could increase fourfold in the long term. On average, the business sector can grow by an added 3 percent per year, and socio-economic indicators like infant mortality rate could be reduced by some 75 percent.

More perniciously, several studies have shown that the costs of corruption are disproportionately borne by the poor. This means corruption not only deprives the poor of public goods but also increases income inequality.

Corruption encourages public officials in developing countries not to enforce environmental laws. Projects are approved fraudulently even when they do not meet environmental standards. This indirectly worsens the lot of the poor, and leads to disastrous environmental consequences, which some scholars have referred to as "environmental poverty".

In China, corruption and non-compliance of regulations have often been one of the main causes of rising pollution levels. Illegal discharges of hazardous industrial, mining and agrochemicals have rendered nearly 20 percent of China's non-arable farmlands unusable for growing food crops. In all developing countries in Asia, the quality of water in lakes, rivers and aquifers has deteriorated progressively because of corruption and non-compliance of laws. The long-term health and environmental costs of such corrupt practices are going to be very significant.

Corruption has become a way of life in most developing countries in Asia. Regrettably, it appears to be becoming more entrenched with time in many countries. A survey by Transparency International, in 2011, found that 66 percent of Bangladeshis and 54 percent of Indians had paid a bribe during the previous 12 months. In addition, 62 percent felt that corruption had worsened in their countries over the past three years.

In countries where corruption is rife, providing gifts, bribes and free services to public servants is often part of the local culture, because it is considered a way of showing gratitude and maintaining good relations with them. Honest civil servants often encounter intensive and sustained peer pressure if they want to shun or oppose corrupt practices.

Indeed, corruption can be controlled by strengthening institutions and upholding the rule of law.

Consider Singapore. It is an excellent example of how strong political will can ensure clean governance. In wide-ranging private discussions, Singapore's former prime minister Lee Kuan Yew said corruption had been commonplace in Singapore's colonial civil service. When his party came to power, its leadership enshrined anti-corruption as a development priority because it believed it was a prerequisite for good governance. The absence of corruption provided a hospitable and sustainable environment for foreign direct investment and economic development, two things the city-state needed most to reduce its high unemployment rate and expedite its economic development.

China is following in Singapore's footsteps. China's top leader Xi Jinping has declared a war against corruption, targeting both "tigers and flies" (high-ranking and lower-level officials). It has made considerable progress.

However, China is a vast country, with a population nearly 240 times that of Singapore. Because of its huge size, China's fight against corruption will take much longer time than in Singapore. Furthermore, to succeed, there must be a sustained interest at high political levels to control corruption. Many powerful Chinese politicians and bureaucrats are now behind bars because of their corrupt practices.

In contrast, in India, as eminent economist Jagdish Bhagwati has noted, the main problem is that no one gets punished for corruption, even in very serious cases. This has given many powerful politicians and senior bureaucrats a free license to steal.

As US President Barack Obama has noted, "a strong, more inclusive, more accountable and transparent" governance structure is needed which can strengthen national institutions and laws. This will reduce corruption and contribute to economic development and poverty alleviation in developing countries.

Asit K. Biswas is a distinguished visiting professor at Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore; Cecilia Tortajada is a senior research fellow at the Institute of Water Policy; and Augustin Boey is a research associate in the same school.

Curb graft to boost growth, reduce poverty

Curb graft to boost growth, reduce poverty

Curb graft to boost growth, reduce poverty

(China Daily 05/09/2016 page9)

Editor's picks
Copyright 1995 - . All rights reserved. The content (including but not limited to text, photo, multimedia information, etc) published in this site belongs to China Daily Information Co (CDIC). Without written authorization from CDIC, such content shall not be republished or used in any form. Note: Browsers with 1024*768 or higher resolution are suggested for this site.
License for publishing multimedia online 0108263

Registration Number: 130349
FOLLOW US
久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

    亚洲一区二区三区四区五区中文 | 成人精品一区二区三区四区 | 国产亚洲欧美日韩俺去了| 国产一区二区免费视频| 国产欧美日韩三级| 91社区在线播放| 亚洲v中文字幕| 精品国产乱码久久久久久久久| 国产一区在线不卡| 最近中文字幕一区二区三区| 欧美最猛黑人xxxxx猛交| 日本视频一区二区| 国产亚洲女人久久久久毛片| 一本大道综合伊人精品热热| 丝袜国产日韩另类美女| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久蜜月| 国产福利视频一区二区三区| 亚洲欧洲成人自拍| 欧美三级日韩三级国产三级| 日韩国产欧美视频| 国产日韩三级在线| 欧美日韩一区久久| 极品少妇一区二区三区精品视频| 欧美激情综合五月色丁香小说| 欧美在线观看一区| 欧美日韩另类一区| 国产成人综合网| 亚洲一二三四在线| 国产午夜精品在线观看| 在线一区二区三区四区五区 | 成人永久看片免费视频天堂| 亚洲一二三四区不卡| 久久午夜国产精品| 欧美色爱综合网| 丁香婷婷综合色啪| 日本不卡在线视频| 日韩一区欧美一区| 精品免费99久久| 在线观看一区日韩| 国产成人精品综合在线观看 | 三级欧美在线一区| 国产女人18毛片水真多成人如厕 | 久久精工是国产品牌吗| 亚洲欧美视频在线观看| 2023国产一二三区日本精品2022| 91精品福利在线| 粉嫩aⅴ一区二区三区四区 | 精品国产青草久久久久福利| 91久久精品一区二区二区| 国产乱理伦片在线观看夜一区| 亚洲国产日韩av| 国产精品三级视频| 精品国产欧美一区二区| 欧美日韩精品高清| 91在线视频18| 国产成人综合在线观看| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜添亚洲女人| 亚洲天天做日日做天天谢日日欢 | 一区在线中文字幕| 久久久久久久精| 宅男噜噜噜66一区二区66| 色婷婷综合久久久久中文| 国产激情精品久久久第一区二区| 日韩国产欧美三级| 亚洲国产日韩一区二区| 亚洲视频在线一区二区| 日本一区二区免费在线| 欧美精品一区二区三区高清aⅴ | 另类小说综合欧美亚洲| 亚洲高清免费在线| 亚洲免费视频中文字幕| 欧美国产禁国产网站cc| 久久综合久久综合久久| 日韩一区国产二区欧美三区| 欧美日韩久久一区二区| 91精品办公室少妇高潮对白| 91丨九色丨蝌蚪丨老版| 不卡在线观看av| 国产91精品露脸国语对白| 狠狠色丁香婷综合久久| 麻豆成人91精品二区三区| 日韩国产在线一| 97久久超碰精品国产| 成人免费电影视频| 成人三级在线视频| 高清免费成人av| 国产91色综合久久免费分享| 国产一区 二区| 国产精品综合在线视频| 精品一区二区三区欧美| 久久精品国产亚洲a| 久久精品国产亚洲aⅴ | 激情图片小说一区| 精品一区二区三区不卡| 久久精品二区亚洲w码| 美女一区二区视频| 久久99精品视频| 国产一区二区电影| 国产高清成人在线| 丁香桃色午夜亚洲一区二区三区| 国产精品 欧美精品| 国产91精品久久久久久久网曝门| 成人综合婷婷国产精品久久| 国产v日产∨综合v精品视频| 成人午夜激情影院| 91一区一区三区| 色噜噜狠狠成人中文综合 | 亚洲国产高清不卡| 中文字幕中文字幕一区二区| 亚洲欧美综合色| 一区二区三区在线视频免费观看| 亚洲综合久久久久| 图片区小说区区亚洲影院| 免费高清在线视频一区·| 久久er99热精品一区二区| 国产一区 二区 三区一级| 懂色av一区二区三区蜜臀| 99久久综合色| 在线观看日韩高清av| 欧美久久一区二区| 欧美α欧美αv大片| 国产色爱av资源综合区| 国产精品国产三级国产aⅴ原创| 亚洲欧洲日韩在线| 亚洲一区二区三区四区的| 日韩vs国产vs欧美| 国产精品一区二区视频| caoporn国产精品| 欧美色国产精品| 精品剧情v国产在线观看在线| 久久精品免视看| 亚洲色图自拍偷拍美腿丝袜制服诱惑麻豆 | 97精品久久久久中文字幕| 欧美在线免费视屏| 日韩欧美一级特黄在线播放| 国产偷国产偷精品高清尤物| 亚洲人成网站色在线观看| 丝袜诱惑制服诱惑色一区在线观看| 久久福利视频一区二区| av一区二区三区| 欧美日韩一区二区在线观看| 欧美xxxxx裸体时装秀| 中文字幕在线不卡| 视频一区二区中文字幕| 国产精品1区二区.| 91福利在线播放| 精品久久久三级丝袜| 日韩美女啊v在线免费观看| 日韩在线卡一卡二| 风间由美一区二区av101 | 欧美极品aⅴ影院| 亚洲一二三四在线| 国产乱码一区二区三区| 色综合久久综合网欧美综合网 | 欧美福利视频导航| 国产欧美一区二区在线| 亚洲一区二区3| 国产高清一区日本| 欧美日韩在线精品一区二区三区激情 | 蜜臀99久久精品久久久久久软件| 成人毛片在线观看| 91麻豆精品国产无毒不卡在线观看| 国产日韩av一区二区| 五月婷婷综合激情| 菠萝蜜视频在线观看一区| 3d成人h动漫网站入口| 国产精品久久久久永久免费观看| 午夜av电影一区| 99视频热这里只有精品免费| 日韩欧美一卡二卡| 一区二区久久久久久| 国产91综合一区在线观看| 88在线观看91蜜桃国自产| 中文字幕色av一区二区三区| 理论电影国产精品| 欧美在线观看视频一区二区| 欧美国产一区视频在线观看| 免费观看在线综合| 欧美综合亚洲图片综合区| 国产午夜久久久久| 麻豆精品久久久| 欧美一a一片一级一片| 国产精品网站一区| 精品一区二区三区av| 在线电影国产精品| 亚洲精品乱码久久久久久| 国产精品一区三区| 日韩欧美三级在线| 亚洲成av人片一区二区梦乃| 99久久免费国产| 国产日韩欧美综合在线| 美女一区二区在线观看| 欧美男女性生活在线直播观看| 亚洲欧洲av在线| 国产成人午夜精品5599| 欧美成人性福生活免费看| 天天综合色天天| 欧美亚洲免费在线一区| 专区另类欧美日韩| 成a人片亚洲日本久久|