The international political response to climate change began with the adoption of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992, which sets out a framework for action aimed at stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” The Convention, which entered into force on 21 March 1994, now has 195 parties.
1992年，國際社會首次對氣候變化做出政治回應，通過了《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》（UNFCCC）。這份公約提出了一套旨在維持大氣中溫室氣體濃度穩定的行動框架，以避免“人類對氣候造成危險的破壞”。1994年3月21日，《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》正式生效，目前共有195個締約方。

In December 1997, delegates to the third Conference of the Parties (COP) in Kyoto, Japan, agreed to a protocol to the UNFCCC that committed industrialized countries and countries in transition to a market economy to achieve emission reduction targets. These countries, known as Annex I parties under the UNFCCC, agreed to reduce their overall emissions of six GHGs by an average of 5% below 1990 levels in 2008-2012 (first commitment period), with specific targets varying from country to country. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005, and now has 192 parties.
1997年12月在日本京都，參加第3次締約方會議（COP）的代表們達成了UNFCCC的補充協議，承諾工業化國家與向市場經濟過渡的國家聯手，實現溫室氣體減排目標。與會國家——即UNFCCC“附件一締約方”——同意，2008至2012年（第1承諾期），實現6種溫室氣體的排放量比1990年平均減少5%。《京都議定書》于2005年2月16日正式生效，目前共有192個締約方。

LONG-TERM NEGOTIATIONS IN 2005-2009
2005年-2009年間的漫長談判
Convening in Montreal, Canada, in 2005, the first Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 1) decided to establish the Ad Hoc Working Group on Annex I Parties’ Further Commitments under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP) in accordance with Protocol Article 3.9, which mandated consideration of Annex I parties’ further commitments at least seven years before the end of the first commitment period.
2005年，《京都議定書》締約方第一次會議（CMP1）在加拿大蒙特利爾召開。會議根據《京都議定書》第3.9項條款——至少在第1個承諾期結束之前七年開始審議締約方后續承諾，決定成立《京都議定書》特設工作組（AWG-KP）。

COP 11 created a process to consider long-term cooperation under the Convention through a series of four workshops known as “the Convention Dialogue.”
第11次締約方會議（COP）還創立新流程，通過4個統稱為“會議對話”的研討會，考慮締約方之間的長期合作。

In December 2007, COP 13 and CMP3 inBali, Indonesia, resulted in agreement on the Bali Roadmap on long-term issues. COP 13 adopted the Bali Action Plan (BAP) and established the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention (AWG-LCA) with a mandate to focus on mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology and a shared vision for long-term cooperative action. Negotiations on Annex I parties’ further commitments continued under the AWG-KP. The deadline for concluding the two-track negotiations was Copenhagen in 2009.
2007年12月，在印度尼西亞巴厘島舉行的第13次COP會議及第3次CMP會議，最終達成關于長期問題的巴厘路線圖協議。第13次COP會議通過了巴厘島行動計劃（BAP），并建立長期合作特設工作組（AWG-LCA），授權關注緩解、適應、資金、技術以及長期合作行動的共同愿景。而在AWG-KP框架下，“附件一締約方”后續承諾問題繼續協商進行。這份雙軌談判的最后達成期限是在2009年的哥本哈根。

COPENHAGEN:
哥本哈根：
The UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, took place in December 2009. During the high-level segment, informal negotiations took place in a group consisting of major economies and representatives of regional and other negotiating groups. Late in the evening of 18 December, these talks resulted in a political agreement, the “Copenhagen Accord,” which was then presented to the COP plenary for adoption. After 13 hours of debate, delegates ultimately agreed to “take note” of the Copenhagen Accord. In 2010, over 140 countries indicated support for the Accord. More than 80 countries also provided information on their national mitigation targets or actions. Parties also extended the mandates of the AWG-LCA and AWG-KP until COP 16 and CMP6 in2010.
2009年12月，聯合國氣候變化會議在丹麥哥本哈根舉行。在高級別會議階段，世界主要經濟體、區域性與其他談判小組的代表們進行了非正式談判。12月18日深夜，會談達成一項政治協議，即《哥本哈根協定》，并隨即遞交COP全體會議等待通過。經過13個小時的討論，代表們最終同意“關注”該協議。2010年，超過140個國家表示支持《哥本哈根協議》。80多個國家還提供了關于本國緩解目標或采取行動的信息。會議各國還分別將AWG-LCA與AWG-KP的期限延長到2010年的第16次COP和第6次CMP。

CANCUN:
坎昆：
The UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun, Mexico, took place in December 2010, when parties finalized the Cancun Agreements. Under the Convention track, Decision 1/CP.16, inter alia, recognized the need for deep cuts in global emissions in order to limit the global average temperature rise to2°Cabove pre-industrial levels. Parties agreed to consider strengthening the global long-term goal during a Review by 2015, including in relation to a proposed1.5°C target.
2010年12月，聯合國氣候變化會議在墨西哥坎昆召開。會議最終達成《坎昆協議》。在會議中，第16次COP會議第1決議尤其認識到，有必要深入削減全球溫室氣體的排放，以便將全球平均溫度限定在比工業化前升高2°C以內。各方同意到2015年回顧時，考慮加強全球長期目標，包括被提議的1.5°C目標。

The Cancun Agreements also established several new institutions and processes, such as the GCF, which was created and designated as an operating entity of the Convention’s financial mechanism.
《坎昆協議》還創建了多個新機構與流程，例如全球氣候大會金融機制的指定經營實體——綠色氣候基金會（GCF）。

Under the Protocol track, the CMP urged Annex I parties to raise the level of ambition towards achieving aggregate emission reductions, and adopted Decision 2/CMP.6 on land use, land-use change and forestry. The mandates of the two AWGs were extended for another year.
按照協議規定，CMP敦促附件一締約方提高總體減排的目標，并采用第6次CMP中關于土地使用、土地使用變化與森林學的第2次決議。同時，兩個AWG的期限均再次延長1年。

DURBAN:
德班：
The UN Climate Change Conference in Durban, South Africa, took place from 28 November to 11 December 2011. The Durban outcomes covered a wide range of topics, notably the establishment of a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, a decision on long-term cooperative action under the Convention and agreement on operationalization of the GCF.
2011年，聯合國氣候變化會議11月28日至12月11日在南非德班舉行。德班會議的成果涵蓋了范圍廣泛的議題。這其中尤其顯著的是——確立《京都議定書》第2承諾期；決定大會締約國采取長期合作行動；以及對GCF的運營達成一致意見。

Parties also agreed to launch the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) with a mandate “to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties.” The ADP is scheduled to complete these negotiations by 2015, with the new instrument entering into effect in 2020. In addition, the ADP was mandated to explore actions to close the pre-2020 ambition gap in relation to the2°C target.
各方還同意建立德班增強行動平臺特設工作組（ADP），授權“提出一項新協議，即一份適用于會議各方的法律文書，或取得具有法律效力的成果。”ADP預計到2015年完成磋商，2020年新協議正式生效。此外，ADP還受命研究采取適當行動，以填補在2020年前達到2°C目標的差距。

DOHA:
多哈：
The UN Climate Change Conference in Doha, Qatar, took place in November and December 2012. The conference resulted in a package of decisions, referred to as the “Doha Climate Gateway.” These include amendments to the Kyoto Protocol to establish its second commitment period and agreement to terminate the AWG-KP’s work in Doha. The parties also agreed to terminate the AWG-LCA and negotiations under the BAP.
2012年11月和12月，聯合國氣候變化會議在卡塔爾的多哈舉行。會議達成了統稱為“多哈氣候通關”的一攬子決議，其中包括修訂《京都議定書》，創建第2承諾期，并同意終止AWG-KP在多哈的工作。各方還一致通過結束AWG-LCA與BAP的談判。

WARSAW:
華沙：
The Warsaw Climate Change Conference took place from 11-23 November 2013, in Warsaw, Poland. Negotiations focused on the implementation of agreements reached at previous meetings, including pursuing the work of the ADP. The meeting, among other things, adopted an ADP decision that invites parties to initiate or intensify domestic preparations for their intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs), and resolves to accelerate the full implementation of the BAP and pre-2020 ambition.
2013年11月11日-23日，各方在波蘭華沙舉行了華沙氣候變化會議。會議談判的重點是此前各次會議達成協議的實施，包括加快ADP的工作。本次會議還通過了ADP決議，請求各國提出或加強國家自主貢獻方案（INDCs）的準備工作，決心推進BAP與2020年前目標的全力實施，等等。

PREPARATIONS FOR CLIMATE SUMMIT 2014:
2014年氣候峰會準備工作：
On 24 September 2013, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon invited global leaders and participants from business, finance, civil society and local communities to convene in September 2014 for the UN Climate Summit. The Summit, while not part of the official negotiating process under the UNFCCC, aims to mobilize political will to reach a global climate agreement at the Paris Climate Change Conference in December 2015 and galvanize action on the ground across all sectors.
2013年9月24日，聯合國秘書長潘基文邀請全球領導人以及來自商業、金融、民間組織和當地社區的參與者于2014年9月召開會議，為聯合國氣候峰會做準備。這次峰會不屬于UNFCCC下的正式談判流程，旨在動員各方的政治決心，以期在2015年12月的巴黎氣候變化大會上達成全球氣候協議，并敦促與會各界采取行動。

Abu Dhabi Ascent:
阿布扎比登峰會：
Held from 4-5 May2014 inAbu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE), the Ascent was hosted by Secretary-General Ban and the Minister of State and Special Envoy for Energy and Climate Change, Sultan Al Jaber, UAE. The Ascent brought together 1,000 government ministers, and business, finance and civil society members to discuss new initiatives and partnerships to address climate change that would be further developed in the lead-up to the UN Climate Summit.
此次登峰會于2014年5月4日-5日在阿拉伯聯合酋長國阿布扎比舉行。會議由聯合國秘書長潘基文和阿聯酋國務部長、能源和氣候變化特使蘇丹·賈比爾（Sultan Al Jaber）共同主持。與會的1000位政府部長與商業、金融、民間組織成員們，討論了應對氣候變化的新方案與伙伴關系。聯合國氣候峰會的準備階段將進一步研究這些問題。

The Abu Dhabi Ascent identified action areas around which elements of the Climate Summit have been organized, including: short-lived climate pollutants; forests; agriculture; cities; transportation; resilience, adaptation and disaster risk reduction; climate finance; and economic drivers.
阿布扎比登峰會確定了氣候峰會的幾個行動領域，包括短期氣候污染物、森林、農業、城市、交通、恢復力、適應力和疾病風險的降低、氣候資金問題以及經濟驅動力。

New York:
紐約：
Climate Summit 2014 convened at UN Headquarters in New York, US, on 23 September 2014. The Summit brought together 100 Heads of State, together with government ministers and leaders from international organizations, business, finance, civil society and local communities, to mobilize the political support and momentum necessary to reach a global agreement on climate change in 2015 and galvanize action on the ground across all sectors.
2014年9月23日，2014年全球氣候峰會在美國紐約的聯合國總部召開。此次峰會聚集了100個國家的元首，以及各國部長、國際組織、商業、金融、民間組織和當地社區的領導人。會議凝聚了2015年達成全球氣候變化協議所必需的政治支持與動力，敦促各界采取行動。

A number of major initiatives, coalitions and commitments were announced or launched during the Summit, such as: the adoption of a New York Declaration on Forests, which contains commitments to halve the loss of natural forests by 2020 and strive to end it by 2030; a total pledge of US$2.3 billion made to the Green Climate Fund (GCF); the launch of the Global Alliance of Climate-Smart Agriculture; the announcement by the insurance industry of intention to create a climate risk investment framework by2015 inParis; and the launch of a new Compact of Mayors.
峰會期間提出了許多提案，達成了眾多聯盟，提出了很多承諾。例如，會議上通過的《紐約森林宣言》承諾，到2020年實現天然林損失減半，并爭取到2030年終結天然林損失；承諾向綠色氣候基金注入23億美元資金；建立全球氣候智能農業聯盟；保險業宣布，希望2015年在巴黎提出氣候風險投資框架；以及創立新的“全球市長聯盟”。

Vocabulary
mandate：授權；托管
Ad Hoc：特別的；臨時；專設
inter alia：尤其
terminate：終止

英文來源：國際可持續發展研究所官網
譯者：趙德岷
審校&編輯：杜娟