久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

USEUROPEAFRICAASIA 中文雙語Fran?ais
Opinion
Home / Opinion / Op-Ed Contributors

New challenges for new leaders

By Robert Lawrence Kuhn | China Daily | Updated: 2013-03-19 07:43

How can China realize "the Chinese dream" which President Xi Jinping called "the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation?" With complete transition of China's new leadership, headed by Xi and Premier Li Keqiang, it is appropriate to describe this grand vision and to set forth the challenges that must be met.

The Chinese dream is a moderately well-off (xiaokang) society, such that all citizens, rural and urban, enjoy high standards of living in all aspects of life and society. This includes doubling 2010's GDP per capita by about 2020 (approaching $10,000 per person), completing urbanization by about 2030 (roughly 1 billion people, three quarters of China's population), achieving modernization (China regaining its position as a world leader in science and technology as well as in economics and business), and appreciating Chinese civilization and culture (China participating in all arenas of human endeavor).

In making this vision a reality, China's new leaders face many challenges. I here list 35 such challenges (there are more), catalogued under five categories, so that global readers can grasp their scope and complexity and can assess their difficulties and progress.

Socio-economic

Economic and social disparities. In little more than 30 years, China has gone from being one of the world's most equal countries (though everyone was equally poor) to one of the world's most unequal countries (though more people have been brought out of poverty than at any other time in history). The gaps between the rich and the poor in China are now larger than those in India and the US. Farmers demand higher income and better social services. Urban workers demand higher pay and better working conditions. The residency (hukou) system that restricts migrant workers from accessing healthcare and education has become untenable and destabilizing.

Macroeconomic transformation. China must shift to a consumption-driven economy, more dependent on people enjoying higher standards of living and less dependent on government-financed fixed investment and an unsustainable surplus of exports over imports.

Microeconomic transformation. China's old economic model of low-cost, cheap-labor, assembly-type manufacturing, which generated China's remarkable development, has reached the end of its historic cycle. To pay workers higher wages, Chinese companies must produce higher gross margins by providing more value-added benefits, via technology, branding or service. (Companies with high gross margins are much harder to build than those that are based on low cost and cheap labor.)

Market versus government. How should China's resources be allocated optimally? Where can the market function more efficiently and where can government? The obstacles to rational analysis today are not ideological but vested interests. (Most economists favor more market mechanisms, but arguments resisting reform are three-fold: market forces increase social disparities; market economies are more easily disrupted by financial turmoil, for example, 2008-2009; and a strong government preserves China's socialism.)

State-owned enterprises. What is the proper role of China's large, powerful SOEs? How much monopoly power should they enjoy? Some view SOEs as a bulwark of government control and a symbol of socialism. Others as a blockage of reform and a hindrance to productivity.

Allocation of resources. How to optimize among sectors? How much to spend, relatively, on industry, agriculture, consumer consumption, healthcare, education, science, military/defense, culture?

Financial ambitions. China intends to become a major financial power, with Shanghai as a world financial center. How then to deal with currency exchange rate reforms? How to enable China's yuan to become fully convertible and to become an international reserve currency?

Interest rate reforms. How to allow the market to play a larger role in setting interest rates? Currently, with interest rates controlled by the government, spreads between what big banks borrow (from citizens) and lend (to companies) generate high profits, which are in effect a tax on citizens.

Pollution and environmental protection. How to balance economic growth and development with environmental degradation and pollution? Environmental activism is becoming increasing vigorous in China. In fact, many "mass incidents" (that is, protests) are pollution induced.

Sustainable development. How can China become less dependent on foreign oil and other imported resources? How to assure that water will be adequate for consumption and industry?

Population dynamics. What is the optimum family planning policy? When should the one-child-per-family norm be amended or terminated? What is the ideal population for China?

Intellectual property rights. How can IPR be sufficiently protected to uphold the rule of law and to stimulate indigenous innovation? How to enforce IPR laws?

Previous Page 1 2 3 Next Page

Most Viewed in 24 Hours
Copyright 1995 - . All rights reserved. The content (including but not limited to text, photo, multimedia information, etc) published in this site belongs to China Daily Information Co (CDIC). Without written authorization from CDIC, such content shall not be republished or used in any form. Note: Browsers with 1024*768 or higher resolution are suggested for this site.
License for publishing multimedia online 0108263

Registration Number: 130349
FOLLOW US
久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

    一区二区三区中文在线| 视频一区免费在线观看| 91色九色蝌蚪| 亚洲午夜电影网| 日韩欧美在线网站| 国产成人福利片| 亚洲激情网站免费观看| 69久久99精品久久久久婷婷| 久草这里只有精品视频| 国产精品久久久久久久久免费樱桃 | 中文字幕一区二区三区精华液| 91丨porny丨蝌蚪视频| 亚洲高清三级视频| 精品久久久久久久久久久久久久久 | 在线观看欧美黄色| 精品一区二区影视| 1区2区3区国产精品| 欧美肥妇free| 高清不卡在线观看| 香蕉久久夜色精品国产使用方法| 久久毛片高清国产| 欧洲一区二区av| 经典三级视频一区| 亚洲卡通欧美制服中文| 日韩欧美一级在线播放| 成人国产视频在线观看| 石原莉奈在线亚洲三区| 久久精品亚洲一区二区三区浴池 | 久色婷婷小香蕉久久| 中文一区二区完整视频在线观看| 欧美制服丝袜第一页| 国产一区二区调教| 亚洲成人资源在线| 国产拍欧美日韩视频二区| 欧美美女直播网站| 成人黄色av电影| 麻豆国产精品777777在线| 亚洲丝袜精品丝袜在线| 精品免费国产二区三区 | 久久久精品免费免费| 在线观看欧美黄色| 国产黄人亚洲片| 午夜精品久久久久久久99樱桃| 国产欧美一区二区精品性色| 欧美日韩的一区二区| 成人av电影在线播放| 捆绑调教美女网站视频一区| 亚洲美女淫视频| 国产婷婷色一区二区三区四区| 3751色影院一区二区三区| 99久免费精品视频在线观看| 久久精品国产亚洲aⅴ| 一片黄亚洲嫩模| 中文字幕欧美三区| 日韩女优电影在线观看| 欧洲视频一区二区| 成年人国产精品| 国产剧情一区二区| 日韩av一区二区三区| 一级精品视频在线观看宜春院 | 欧美激情资源网| 欧美成人aa大片| 欧美日韩精品一区二区在线播放 | 欧美电视剧在线观看完整版| 欧美视频在线观看一区二区| 97久久精品人人做人人爽| 国产精品自产自拍| 蜜臀91精品一区二区三区| 亚洲国产视频a| 亚洲欧美日韩电影| 国产精品久久久久久福利一牛影视| 欧美xxxxxxxxx| 日韩一区二区三区观看| 欧美剧在线免费观看网站| 在线影视一区二区三区| 9久草视频在线视频精品| 国产精品一级片| 国产最新精品免费| 老司机午夜精品| 日本vs亚洲vs韩国一区三区二区| 亚洲成av人片在www色猫咪| 亚洲日本一区二区三区| 日韩理论片网站| √…a在线天堂一区| 国产精品电影一区二区三区| 国产精品欧美一区喷水| 国产婷婷一区二区| 国产婷婷色一区二区三区| 久久久久久久久久电影| 久久久99精品久久| 久久久99免费| 欧美激情中文不卡| 亚洲国产激情av| 国产精品热久久久久夜色精品三区| 国产色91在线| 中文字幕av在线一区二区三区| 欧美国产激情一区二区三区蜜月| 国产午夜精品一区二区三区视频 | 精品一区二区三区蜜桃| 国内精品久久久久影院色| 国产在线精品一区二区夜色 | 一区二区三区四区国产精品| 一区二区三区在线看| 一区二区久久久久| 午夜av区久久| 男女视频一区二区| 极品少妇xxxx精品少妇| 韩国成人在线视频| 国产精华液一区二区三区| 成人免费av网站| 99精品在线免费| 日本电影亚洲天堂一区| 欧美日韩的一区二区| 日韩欧美国产综合| 亚洲精品一线二线三线无人区| 久久精品视频免费观看| 国产精品久久久爽爽爽麻豆色哟哟| 亚洲欧洲av在线| 亚洲国产成人porn| 看电影不卡的网站| 国产成人欧美日韩在线电影| 99热99精品| 欧美日韩黄视频| 精品1区2区在线观看| 国产精品美女久久久久久久网站| 亚洲男人的天堂一区二区| 亚洲第一综合色| 久久黄色级2电影| 成人深夜福利app| 欧美影片第一页| 精品免费国产一区二区三区四区| 日本一二三四高清不卡| 亚洲自拍偷拍av| 九色综合国产一区二区三区| 成人av电影在线| 欧美日韩国产三级| www成人在线观看| 亚洲欧美激情插| 日本女优在线视频一区二区 | 91视频在线观看免费| 制服丝袜成人动漫| 国产欧美精品一区二区色综合 | 精品一区二区在线视频| a亚洲天堂av| 欧美精品乱码久久久久久| 久久日一线二线三线suv| 亚洲蜜臀av乱码久久精品蜜桃| 青青草成人在线观看| 懂色av一区二区夜夜嗨| 欧美日韩精品久久久| 久久久久国产精品麻豆| 亚洲一二三四区| 国产精品亚洲专一区二区三区| 色狠狠一区二区| 26uuuu精品一区二区| 亚洲免费观看高清| 久久99精品一区二区三区| 一本大道av伊人久久综合| 日韩美女一区二区三区| 亚洲裸体xxx| 精品制服美女久久| 欧美艳星brazzers| 国产色一区二区| 日韩电影在线一区二区三区| 9i在线看片成人免费| 欧美成人乱码一区二区三区| 亚洲精品国产成人久久av盗摄| 激情欧美日韩一区二区| 精品视频一区二区不卡| 日本一区二区不卡视频| 免费高清成人在线| 色久优优欧美色久优优| 国产欧美一区二区精品忘忧草| 天天操天天色综合| 9久草视频在线视频精品| 欧美变态tickle挠乳网站| 亚洲一区二区av电影| 成人国产视频在线观看| 精品福利av导航| 丝袜美腿亚洲综合| 色偷偷88欧美精品久久久| 国产嫩草影院久久久久| 美女任你摸久久 | 国产精品嫩草影院av蜜臀| 美女国产一区二区| 欧美无砖砖区免费| 一色屋精品亚洲香蕉网站| 国产一区二区三区四| 欧美一区二区视频观看视频 | 美女任你摸久久| 欧美日韩卡一卡二| 亚洲女同一区二区| 2021国产精品久久精品| 五月激情综合网| 色婷婷综合激情| 中文字幕精品三区| 国产一区二区福利视频| 日韩美女天天操| 日本三级亚洲精品| 欧美日韩亚洲综合一区|