周黎明：革命歷史題材獲青睞

One person was widely perceived to be responsible for fusing the musical styles of traditional Peking Opera and Western orchestral music. Yu Huiyong, a musical prodigy, created the new, richer and mellower sound for the model operas. But he was not one of those suffering artists plucked by Jiang. He was a political climber who curried her favor and later gained the position of culture minister. During the post-revolution investigation, he killed himself, but his contribution to the model operas was never in question.
大家普遍認(rèn)為有一個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)融合了傳統(tǒng)京劇的音樂風(fēng)格和西方的管弦樂風(fēng)格。他就是于會(huì)泳，一個(gè)音樂天才，創(chuàng)造了樣板戲新的、更加豐富和圓潤(rùn)的音樂風(fēng)格。但他不在那些備受江青折磨的藝術(shù)家之列。他是一個(gè)逢迎江青喜好的政治新秀，后來還得到了文化部部長(zhǎng)的職位。在文化大革命結(jié)束后的審查中，他自殺身亡，但他對(duì)樣板劇的貢獻(xiàn)將永不會(huì)被質(zhì)疑。

I grew up with these works, so I can sense why people are so attached to them. For most of them, music heard during a certain phase of life would leave an indelible imprint, even bad music. The model operas are stridently ideological. The bad guy would not smile but grimace and the hero did not walk as much as strike heroic poses all the way. Modern audiences can enjoy them as red kitsch as every character seems to be a caricature of him or herself.
我從小是看著這些作品長(zhǎng)大的，所以我明白人們?yōu)槭裁磳?duì)樣板戲如此情有獨(dú)鐘。對(duì)大多人來說，在人生的某個(gè)階段所聽到的音樂會(huì)在內(nèi)心留下不可磨滅的印記，即使是糟糕的音樂。樣板戲具有強(qiáng)烈的意識(shí)形態(tài)色彩。壞人不會(huì)微笑只會(huì)扮鬼臉，英雄不會(huì)一直保持罷工時(shí)的英勇姿勢(shì)走路。現(xiàn)代觀眾可以把它們當(dāng)做俗氣的紅色作品來看，因?yàn)槊恳粋€(gè)角色的表演看起來都像是對(duì)角色本身夸張滑稽的演繹。

Artistically, the stories follow the rules of melodrama, with clashes between good and evil as defined by the establishment of the era. They are very easy to digest. There are occasional glimpses, such as the famous trio in Shajiabang with three characters scheming against one another, into the sophistication that went into the making of these works. Yes, much of the top talent of the country worked on them, but they were not given anything resembling a free rein. I believe art should be free, so art created in bondage, to me, does not represent the best from these artists.
從藝術(shù)角度來說，樣板戲總體上是遵守通俗劇的套路，正邪分明，便于大眾理解。但某些細(xì)節(jié)的處理有文人戲的高級(jí)和精致，比如《沙家浜》里著名的“智斗”三重唱。是的，這個(gè)國(guó)家許多頂尖人才都在作品的制作上發(fā)揮了才能，但是他們卻并不允許自由發(fā)揮。我認(rèn)為藝術(shù)應(yīng)該是自由的，因此對(duì)我而言，在束縛下創(chuàng)造出來的藝術(shù)代表不了這些藝術(shù)家的最好水平。

I don't think people with fond memories of the operas are the same ones who want to revive or relive the revolution. The former are those in their 60s and 70s who failed to find resonance with later music, and the latter are mostly youngsters who were born after the revolution and want to vent their frustration over what they see today. The model operas are part of China's cultural legacy, an aberration that deserves to be studied rather than blindly idolized.
我不認(rèn)為那些對(duì)樣板劇有美好依戀的人等同于那些想恢復(fù)或重溫文化大革命的人。前者是那些在60或70多歲時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己無法從后來的音樂中找到共鳴的人，而后者大多數(shù)是出生在文化大革命后的年輕人，他們想發(fā)泄自己對(duì)今天所看到的一些現(xiàn)象的不滿。樣板戲?qū)儆谥袊?guó)文化遺產(chǎn)的一部分，作為一種特殊時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，它值得被研究而不是被盲目崇拜。

What Hong Kong filmmaker Tsui Hark did was a third way out. He took the story of Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy, one of the more popular of the eight, or more accurately, adapted the novel the opera was based on, and made it into a Hollywood-style action movie. The parallels between the so-called genre film and the model opera are evident: Both portray characters in black and white, but the movie is more palatable to modern sensibilities mainly because the main character, Yang Zirong, is now a lone hero with incredible smarts and devil-may-care chutzpah.
香港導(dǎo)演徐克所采用的是第三種方法。他改編了“八個(gè)樣板戲”中比較受歡迎的一個(gè)劇《智取威虎山》，或者更準(zhǔn)確地說，他改編了這個(gè)戲的原著小說，把它制作成了好萊塢風(fēng)格的動(dòng)作片。這個(gè)所謂的類型片和樣板戲的相似之處很明顯：都是通過非黑即白的方式刻畫人物，但這個(gè)電影更迎合現(xiàn)代人的口味，主要是因?yàn)橹鹘菞钭訕s，現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)有著無比聰明的頭腦和不顧一切的勇氣的孤膽英雄。

Some detractors of the movie say the historical character who became the villain in the opera, and now in the feature version, was actually not that bad. He fought Japanese invaders and was not that reckless with innocent lives. For me, these criticisms are irrelevant. This is not a documentary and a fictional film is not supposed to uncover truth beneath layers of urban myth. Tsui has to make the guy morally reprehensible to justify the raid on him. The bandit chief is still cartoonish, but in a more delicious way than in the opera.
電影的一些評(píng)論者說，昔日在樣板戲中成為不折不扣惡棍的歷史人物，現(xiàn)在在這部故事片中變得實(shí)際上沒有那么壞。他抗擊日本侵略者，對(duì)無辜百姓的性命也并不是那么的毫不在乎。對(duì)我來說，這些評(píng)論是無關(guān)緊要的。這不是一部紀(jì)錄片而是一部虛構(gòu)性的電影，作為后者沒有必要去揭露傳說中的事實(shí)。徐必須塑造出一個(gè)十分不道德的家伙這樣才能證明對(duì)他發(fā)動(dòng)襲擊的正義性。雖然電影對(duì)強(qiáng)盜首領(lǐng)的刻畫依然顯得非黑即白，但是這要比樣板劇中的刻畫吸引人多了。

In a sense, Tsui has substituted the old way with the Hollywood method, taking what's useful from the story and enhancing narrative elements that appeal to the young generation. He is not the first Chinese filmmaker to come up with this strategy. But with his success, there will be more efforts to mine the old field of ideological stories for the purpose of pure entertainment.
從某種意義上說，徐用好萊塢的方式代替了舊有的手法，并選取故事中有用的東西加以發(fā)揮，還改進(jìn)了吸引年輕一代觀眾的敘事元素。他并不是第一個(gè)采用這種技巧的中國(guó)導(dǎo)演。但是隨著他的成功，會(huì)有更多的人為了純粹的娛樂目的來挖掘這些舊有的意識(shí)形態(tài)故事。

（作者：周黎明 中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津 許晶晶 編輯）