什么是豬流感？What is Swine Influenza?
豬流感(Swine Influenza, swine flu)是豬的一種呼吸道疾病，它的病原是一種能造成周期性爆發(fā)的A型流感病毒。豬流感病毒的致病率很高，但豬的死亡率低。豬流感病毒在全年都有可能傳播，但大部分會(huì)在深秋和冬季月份爆發(fā)，這一點(diǎn)與人流感類(lèi)似。典型的豬流感病毒(A型H1N1病毒)于1930年第一次從豬身上分離出來(lái)。
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. Swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates in pigs. Swine influenza viruses may circulate among swine throughout the year, but most outbreaks occur during the late fall and winter months similar to outbreaks in humans. The classical swine flu virus (an influenza type A H1N1 virus) was first isolated from a pig in 1930.
現(xiàn)在有多少種豬流感病毒？How many swine flu viruses are there?
就像所有的流感病毒一樣，豬流感病毒也在不停地變化當(dāng)中。禽流感，人流感以及豬流感病毒都會(huì)對(duì)豬造成感染；當(dāng)不同種來(lái)源的流感病毒同時(shí)感染時(shí)，病毒之間就會(huì)重新“洗牌”(交換基因)，從而產(chǎn)生一種新的“禽人豬”混合病毒。隨著時(shí)間的推移，也出現(xiàn)了豬流感病毒的多種變種：現(xiàn)在人們從豬身上分離出了4種主要的A型流感病毒亞型： H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H3N1。但最近從豬分離出來(lái)的流感病毒大部分都是H1N1型病毒。
Like all influenza viruses, swine flu viruses change constantly. Pigs can be infected by avian influenza and human influenza viruses as well as swine influenza viruses. When influenza viruses from different species infect pigs, the viruses can reassort (i.e. swap genes) and new viruses that are a mix of swine, human and/or avian influenza viruses can emerge. Over the years, different variations of swine flu viruses have emerged. At this time, there are four main influenza type A virus subtypes that have been isolated in pigs: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and H3N1. However, most of the recently isolated influenza viruses from pigs have been H1N1 viruses.
人類(lèi)會(huì)感染豬流感嗎？Can humans catch swine flu?
一般來(lái)說(shuō)豬流感并不會(huì)感染人類(lèi)，但人們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了少數(shù)人類(lèi)感染豬流感的病例。這些病例大部分出現(xiàn)在與豬有直接接觸的人群中(例如，市場(chǎng)上與豬接觸的兒童，以及養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的工人)。另外也有一些病例是豬流感從一個(gè)人傳染到另一個(gè)人的情況，例如1988年在威斯康星爆發(fā)的豬流感造成了多人感染。盡管豬流感沒(méi)有在社區(qū)中傳播開(kāi)來(lái)，但抗體實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)病毒從病人傳播到了與其有近距離接觸的醫(yī)護(hù)人員身上。
Swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans. However, sporadic human infections with swine flu have occurred. Most commonly, these cases occur in persons with direct exposure to pigs (e.g. children near pigs at a fair or workers in the swine industry). In addition, there have been documented cases of one person spreading swine flu to others. For example, an outbreak of apparent swine flu infection in pigs in Wisconsin in 1988 resulted in multiple human infections, and, although no community outbreak resulted, there was antibody evidence of virus transmission from the patient to health care workers who had close contact with the patient.
人類(lèi)感染豬流感的癥狀是什么？What are the symptoms of swine flu in humans?
人類(lèi)感染豬流感的癥狀預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)與人類(lèi)感染季節(jié)性流感的癥狀類(lèi)似，包括發(fā)燒，瞌睡，厭食以及咳嗽。一些感染豬流感的病人出現(xiàn)了流鼻涕，咽喉痛，惡心，嘔吐以及腹瀉的癥狀。
The symptoms of swine flu in people are expected to be similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal influenza and include fever, lethargy, lack of appetite and coughing. Some people with swine flu also have reported runny nose, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
吃豬肉會(huì)感染豬流感嗎？Can people catch swine flu from eating pork?
不會(huì)，豬流感病毒不會(huì)通過(guò)食物傳播。吃豬肉或者豬肉制品不會(huì)使人感染豬流感，因此食用妥善處理過(guò)或者烹調(diào)過(guò)的豬肉及豬肉制品是安全的。與其他細(xì)菌或者病毒一樣，將豬肉加熱至內(nèi)溫160°F(71.1 °C)就會(huì)殺死豬流感病毒。
No. Swine influenza viruses are not transmitted by food. You can not get swine influenza from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork and pork products is safe. Cooking pork to an internal temperature of 160°F kills the swine flu virus as it does other bacteria and viruses.
豬流感是如何傳播的？How does swine flu spread?
流感病毒能夠直接從豬傳染到人，或者從人傳染到豬。人被豬感染最常見(jiàn)的情形是人與受感染的豬有近距離接觸，例如在豬圈里，或者在市場(chǎng)上展出的豬。人與人的豬流感傳播也是可能的，它的傳播方式被認(rèn)為與季節(jié)性流感傳播的方式一樣，即主要通過(guò)病人的咳嗽，打噴嚏的方式在人群之間傳播。在接觸含有病毒的物體之后再摸嘴巴或者摸鼻子也有可能感染病毒。
Influenza viruses can be directly transmitted from pigs to people and from people to pigs. Human infection with flu viruses from pigs are most likely to occur when people are in close proximity to infected pigs, such as in pig barns and livestock exhibits housing pigs at fairs. Human-to-human transmission of swine flu can also occur. This is thought to occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly person-to-person transmission through coughing or sneezing of people infected with the influenza virus. People may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.
如何診斷人感染了豬流感？How can human infections with swine influenza be diagnosed?
如果需要診斷A型豬流感，一般需要收集病人最開(kāi)始4-5天發(fā)病期的呼吸道標(biāo)本，這段時(shí)間是病人最有可能傳播病毒的時(shí)期。但對(duì)某些人(特別是兒童)可能在最開(kāi)始的10天時(shí)間(或者更長(zhǎng))就開(kāi)始傳播病毒。如果需要確認(rèn)A型豬流感病毒，需要將標(biāo)本送至CDC進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢驗(yàn)。
To diagnose swine influenza A infection, a respiratory specimen would generally need to be collected within the first 4 to 5 days of illness (when an infected person is most likely to be shedding virus). However, some persons, especially children, may shed virus for 10 days or longer. Identification as a swine flu influenza A virus requires sending the specimen to CDC for laboratory testing.
感染了豬流感的病人有何治療措施？What medications are available to treat swine flu infections in humans?
現(xiàn)在有4種抗病毒藥品被允許在美國(guó)治療流感：金剛烷胺(amantadine)，金剛乙胺（rimantadine），奧塞米韋(oseltamivir)和扎那米韋(zanamivir)。這四種藥品對(duì)大部分豬流感病毒都有效，但最近從人類(lèi)分離出來(lái)的豬流感病毒對(duì)金剛烷胺和金剛乙胺有抗藥性。因此，CDC建議使用奧塞米韋和扎那米韋來(lái)對(duì)豬流感病毒進(jìn)行治療和/或預(yù)防。
There are four different antiviral drugs that are licensed for use in the US for the treatment of influenza: amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir. While most swine influenza viruses have been susceptible to all four drugs, the most recent swine influenza viruses isolated from humans are resistant to amantadine and rimantadine. At this time, CDC recommends the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses.
（英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津Jennifer編輯）
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