聯(lián)合國人居署22日在倫敦發(fā)布《2008/2009年世界城市狀況》年度報告指出，北京是世界上最平等的城市。該報告從世界城市的空間分布、城市規(guī)模的拓展或縮小、社會和諧平等程度及城市發(fā)展與環(huán)境關(guān)系等方面闡述了世界城市的現(xiàn)狀。通過對衡量城市收入分配狀況的基尼指數(shù)以及住房等指標(biāo)的比較，中國一些城市在世界上不平等程度較低，其中北京在城市平等方面是世界上最好的城市。
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Beijing, the capital of China, is the most equal city in Asia; its Gini coefficient is not only the lowest among Asian cities, but is the lowest in the world (0.22)
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A new UN report launched on Thursday finds that American cities are as unequal as African and Latin American cities.
Major cities in the United States, such as Atlanta, New Orleans, Washington D.C., Miami, and New York, have the highest levels of inequality in the country, similar to those of Abidjan, Nairobi, Buenos Aires, and Santiago, said the report "State of the World's Cities 2008/9: Harmonious Cities" launched by the United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-HABITAT) after analyzing urban inequalities in 28 developing countries.
At the other end of the scale, Beijing is considered to be the most equal city in the world while, on average, the most egalitarian cities in the world are located in Western Europe.
Aimed at policy makers and planners and all those concerned with the welfare of a rapidly urbanizing world, the report breaks new ground by taking the Gini coefficient, normally used to measure inequality at the national level, and using it to measure inequality at the city level.
The Gini coefficient is the most widely used measure to determine the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption among individuals or households deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini coefficient of 0 indicates perfect equality; Whereas a Gini coefficient of 1 indicates perfect inequality.
Though the cities in the United States of America have relatively lower levels of poverty than many other cities in the developed world, says the report, their levels of income inequality are quite high, and have risen above the international alert line of 0.4.
In European countries, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, and Slovenia exhibit relatively low levels of inequality (Gini coefficient below 0.25, the lowest in the world). Inequalities are also low in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland, where the Gini coefficients range from between 0.25 and 0.3.
The report also finds that the cities of Asia are the most equal: the urban Gini coefficient of Asian cities is 0.39, slightly below the unacceptable inequality threshold of 0.4. However, there are significant income distribution differences among cities, even within the same country, which shows that national aggregates are not necessarily reflected at the local level.
For instance, Beijing, the capital of China, is the most equal city in Asia; its Gini coefficient is not only the lowest among Asian cities, but is the lowest in the world (0.22), whereas Hong Kong, the Special Administrative Region of China, has the highest Gini coefficient among all Asian cities, and a relatively high value by international standards (0.53).
In Latin America and the Caribbean, the report finds that the Gini coefficients in urban areas and selected cities in the region are among the highest in the world. Brazilian cities have the greatest disparities in income distribution in the world.
Cities in Sub-Saharan African have the highest levels of urban poverty in the world. Although rural poverty is pervasive in the region, more than 50 percent of the urban population in the poorest countries lives below the poverty line. Urban inequalities in South Africa and Namibia are even higher than those of Latin American cities.
Anna Tibaijuka, Executive Director of UNHABITAT, calls in her foreword to the report for enlightened and committed political leadership combined with effective urban planning, governance and management to promote equity and sustainability in order to build harmonious cities.
The report was launched on Thursday as a curtain raiser for the Fourth Session of the World Urban Forum which will take place in Nanjing, China, on November 3-6. The theme of the forum will be Harmonious Urbanization: The Challenge of Balanced Territorial Development.
(Xinhua)
Vocabulary:
Gini coefficient: 基尼指數(shù)，又譯基尼系數(shù)及堅尼系數(shù)，是20世紀(jì)初意大利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家基尼，根據(jù)勞倫茨曲線找出了判斷分配平等程度的指標(biāo)。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們通常用基尼指數(shù)來表現(xiàn)一個國家和地區(qū)的財富分配狀況。這個指數(shù)在零和一之間，數(shù)值越低，表明財富在社會成員之間的分配越均勻；反之亦然。
(英語點津 Helen 編輯)
