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二、武裝力量建設(shè)與發(fā)展

II. Building and Development of China's Armed Forces

中國(guó)武裝力量由人民解放軍、人民武裝警察部隊(duì)、民兵組成，在國(guó)家安全和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略全局中具有重要地位和作用，肩負(fù)著維護(hù)國(guó)家主權(quán)、安全、發(fā)展利益的光榮使命和神圣職責(zé)。

China's armed forces are composed of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF) and the militia. They play a significant role in China's overall strategies of security and development, and shoulder the glorious mission and sacred duty of safeguarding national sovereignty, security and development interests.

近年來(lái)，人民解放軍按照履行使命任務(wù)和信息化建設(shè)發(fā)展要求，積極穩(wěn)妥推進(jìn)軍隊(duì)改革。強(qiáng)化軍委總部戰(zhàn)略管理功能，組建人民解放軍戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃部，將總參通信部改編為信息化部，將總參軍訓(xùn)和兵種部改編為軍訓(xùn)部；推進(jìn)新型作戰(zhàn)力量建設(shè)，調(diào)整優(yōu)化各軍兵種規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)，改革部隊(duì)編組模式，推動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)力量編成向精干、聯(lián)合、多能、高效方向發(fā)展；完善新型軍隊(duì)人才培養(yǎng)體系，深化軍事人力資源和后勤政策制度調(diào)整改革，加強(qiáng)高新技術(shù)武器裝備建設(shè)，努力構(gòu)建中國(guó)特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系。

Over the years, the PLA has been proactively and steadily pushing forward its reforms in line with the requirements of performing its missions and tasks, and building an informationized military. The PLA has intensified the strategic administration of the Central Military Commission (CMC). It established the PLA Department of Strategic Planning, reorganized the GSH (Headquarters of the General Staff) Communications Department as the GSH Informationization Department, and the GSH Training and Arms Department as the GSH Training Department. The PLA is engaged in the building of new types of combat forces. It optimizes the size and structure of the various services and arms, reforms the organization of the troops so as to make operational forces lean, joint, multi-functional and efficient. The PLA works to improve the training mechanism for military personnel of a new type, adjust policies and rules regarding military human resources and logistics, and strengthen the development of new- and high-technology weaponry and equipment to build a modern military force structure with Chinese characteristics.

陸軍主要擔(dān)負(fù)陸地作戰(zhàn)任務(wù)，包括機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)、邊海防部隊(duì)、警衛(wèi)警備部隊(duì)等。按照機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)、立體攻防的戰(zhàn)略要求，陸軍積極推進(jìn)由區(qū)域防衛(wèi)型向全域機(jī)動(dòng)型轉(zhuǎn)變，加快發(fā)展陸軍航空兵、輕型機(jī)械化部隊(duì)和特種作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)，加強(qiáng)數(shù)字化部隊(duì)建設(shè)，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)部隊(duì)編成的小型化、模塊化、多能化，提高空地一體、遠(yuǎn)程機(jī)動(dòng)、快速突擊和特種作戰(zhàn)能力。陸軍機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)部隊(duì)包括１８?jìng)€(gè)集團(tuán)軍和部分獨(dú)立合成作戰(zhàn)師（旅），現(xiàn)有８５萬(wàn)人。集團(tuán)軍由師、旅編成，分別隸屬于７個(gè)軍區(qū)。沈陽(yáng)軍區(qū)下轄第１６、３９、４０集團(tuán)軍，北京軍區(qū)下轄第２７、３８、６５集團(tuán)軍，蘭州軍區(qū)下轄第２１、４７集團(tuán)軍，濟(jì)南軍區(qū)下轄第２０、２６、５４集團(tuán)軍，南京軍區(qū)下轄第１、１２、３１集團(tuán)軍，廣州軍區(qū)下轄第４１、４２集團(tuán)軍，成都軍區(qū)下轄第１３、１４集團(tuán)軍。

The PLA Army (PLAA) is composed of mobile operational units, border and coastal defense units, guard and garrison units, and is primarily responsible for military operations on land. In line with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and multi-dimensional offense and defense, the PLAA has been reoriented from theater defense to trans-theater mobility. It is accelerating the development of army aviation troops, light mechanized units and special operations forces, and enhancing building of digitalized units, gradually making its units small, modular and multi-functional in organization so as to enhance their capabilities for air-ground integrated operations, long-distance maneuvers, rapid assaults and special operations. The PLAA mobile operational units include 18 combined corps, plus additional independent combined operational divisions (brigades), and have a total strength of 850,000. The combined corps, composed of divisions and brigades, are respectively under the seven military area commands (MACs): Shenyang (16th, 39th and 40th Combined Corps), Beijing (27th, 38th and 65th Combined Corps), Lanzhou (21st and 47th Combined Corps), Jinan (20th, 26th and 54th Combined Corps), Nanjing (1st, 12th and 31st Combined Corps), Guangzhou (41st and 42nd Combined Corps) and Chengdu (13th and 14th Combined Corps).

海軍是海上作戰(zhàn)行動(dòng)的主體力量，擔(dān)負(fù)著保衛(wèi)國(guó)家海上方向安全、領(lǐng)海主權(quán)和維護(hù)海洋權(quán)益的任務(wù)，主要由潛艇部隊(duì)、水面艦艇部隊(duì)、航空兵、陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)、岸防部隊(duì)等兵種組成。按照近海防御的戰(zhàn)略要求，海軍注重提高近海綜合作戰(zhàn)力量現(xiàn)代化水平，發(fā)展先進(jìn)潛艇、驅(qū)逐艦、護(hù)衛(wèi)艦等裝備，完善綜合電子信息系統(tǒng)裝備體系，提高遠(yuǎn)海機(jī)動(dòng)作戰(zhàn)、遠(yuǎn)海合作與應(yīng)對(duì)非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅能力，增強(qiáng)戰(zhàn)略威懾與反擊能力。海軍現(xiàn)有２３．５萬(wàn)人，下轄北海、東海和南海３個(gè)艦隊(duì)，艦隊(duì)下轄艦隊(duì)航空兵、基地、支隊(duì)、水警區(qū)、航空兵師和陸戰(zhàn)旅等部隊(duì)。２０１２年９月，第一艘航空母艦“遼寧艦”交接入列。中國(guó)發(fā)展航空母艦，對(duì)于建設(shè)強(qiáng)大海軍和維護(hù)海上安全具有深遠(yuǎn)意義。

The PLA Navy (PLAN) is China's mainstay for operations at sea, and is responsible for safeguarding its maritime security and maintaining its sovereignty over its territorial seas along with its maritime rights and interests. The PLAN is composed of the submarine, surface vessel, naval aviation, marine corps and coastal defense arms. In line with the requirements of its offshore defense strategy, the PLAN endeavors to accelerate the modernization of its forces for comprehensive offshore operations, develop advanced submarines, destroyers and frigates, and improve integrated electronic and information systems. Furthermore, it develops blue-water capabilities of conducting mobile operations, carrying out international cooperation, and countering non-traditional security threats, and enhances its capabilities of strategic deterrence and counterattack. Currently, the PLAN has a total strength of 235,000 officers and men, and commands three fleets, namely, the Beihai Fleet, the Donghai Fleet and the Nanhai Fleet. Each fleet has fleet aviation headquarters, support bases, flotillas and maritime garrison commands, as well as aviation divisions and marine brigades. In September 2012, China's first aircraft carrier Liaoning was commissioned into the PLAN. China's development of an aircraft carrier has a profound impact on building a strong PLAN and safeguarding maritime security.

空軍是空中作戰(zhàn)行動(dòng)的主體力量，擔(dān)負(fù)著保衛(wèi)國(guó)家領(lǐng)空安全、保持全國(guó)空防穩(wěn)定的任務(wù)，主要由航空兵、地面防空兵、雷達(dá)兵、空降兵、電子對(duì)抗等兵種組成。按照攻防兼?zhèn)涞膽?zhàn)略要求，空軍加強(qiáng)以偵察預(yù)警、空中進(jìn)攻、防空反導(dǎo)、戰(zhàn)略投送為重點(diǎn)的作戰(zhàn)力量體系建設(shè)，發(fā)展新一代作戰(zhàn)飛機(jī)、新型地空導(dǎo)彈和新型雷達(dá)等先進(jìn)武器裝備，完善預(yù)警、指揮和通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，提高戰(zhàn)略預(yù)警、威懾和遠(yuǎn)程空中打擊能力?？哲姮F(xiàn)有３９．８萬(wàn)人，下轄沈陽(yáng)、北京、蘭州、濟(jì)南、南京、廣州、成都７個(gè)軍區(qū)空軍和１個(gè)空降兵軍。軍區(qū)空軍下轄基地、航空兵師（旅）、地空導(dǎo)彈師（旅）、雷達(dá)旅等。

The PLA Air Force (PLAAF) is China's mainstay for air operations, responsible for its territorial air security and maintaining a stable air defense posture nationwide. It is primarily composed of aviation, ground air defense, radar, airborne and electronic countermeasures (ECM) arms. In line with the strategic requirements of conducting both offensive and defensive operations, the PLAAF is strengthening the development of a combat force structure that focuses on reconnaissance and early warning, air strike, air and missile defense, and strategic projection. It is developing such advanced weaponry and equipment as new-generation fighters and new-type ground-to-air missiles and radar systems, improving its early warning, command and communications networks, and raising its strategic early warning, strategic deterrence and long-distance air strike capabilities. The PLAAF now has a total strength of 398,000 officers and men, and an air command in each of the seven Military Area Commands (MACs) of Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu. In addition, it commands one airborne corps. Under each air command are bases, aviation divisions (brigades), ground-to-air missile divisions (brigades), radar brigades and other units.

第二炮兵是中國(guó)戰(zhàn)略威懾的核心力量，主要擔(dān)負(fù)遏制他國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)使用核武器、遂行核反擊和常規(guī)導(dǎo)彈精確打擊任務(wù)，由核導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)、常規(guī)導(dǎo)彈部隊(duì)、作戰(zhàn)保障部隊(duì)等組成。按照精干有效的原則，第二炮兵加快推進(jìn)信息化轉(zhuǎn)型，依靠科技進(jìn)步推動(dòng)武器裝備自主創(chuàng)新，利用成熟技術(shù)有重點(diǎn)、有選擇改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有裝備，提高導(dǎo)彈武器的安全性、可靠性、有效性，完善核常兼?zhèn)涞牧α矿w系，增強(qiáng)快速反應(yīng)、有效突防、精確打擊、綜合毀傷和生存防護(hù)能力，戰(zhàn)略威懾與核反擊、常規(guī)精確打擊能力穩(wěn)步提升。第二炮兵下轄導(dǎo)彈基地、訓(xùn)練基地、專(zhuān)業(yè)保障部隊(duì)、院校和科研機(jī)構(gòu)等，目前裝備東風(fēng)系列彈道導(dǎo)彈和長(zhǎng)劍巡航導(dǎo)彈。

The PLA Second Artillery Force (PLASAF) is a core force for China's strategic deterrence. It is mainly composed of nuclear and conventional missile forces and operational support units, primarily responsible for deterring other countries from using nuclear weapons against China, and carrying out nuclear counterattacks and precision strikes with conventional missiles. Following the principle of building a lean and effective force, the PLASAF is striving to push forward its informationization transform, relying on scientific and technological progress to boost independent innovations in weaponry and equipment, modernizing current equipment selectively by applying mature technology, enhancing the safety, reliability and effectiveness of its missiles, improving its force structure of having both nuclear and conventional missiles, strengthening its rapid reaction, effective penetration, precision strike, damage infliction, protection and survivability capabilities. The PLASAF capabilities of strategic deterrence, nuclear counterattack and conventional precision strike are being steadily elevated. The PLASAF has under its command missile bases, training bases, specialized support units, academies and research institutions. It has a series of "Dong Feng" ballistic missiles and "Chang Jian" cruise missiles.

武警部隊(duì)平時(shí)主要擔(dān)負(fù)執(zhí)勤、處置突發(fā)事件、反恐怖、參加和支援國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)等任務(wù)，戰(zhàn)時(shí)配合人民解放軍進(jìn)行防衛(wèi)作戰(zhàn)。武警部隊(duì)依托國(guó)家信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，建立完善從總部至基層中隊(duì)的三級(jí)綜合信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)，發(fā)展部隊(duì)遂行任務(wù)急需的武器裝備，開(kāi)展針對(duì)性訓(xùn)練，提高執(zhí)勤、處置突發(fā)事件、反恐怖能力。武警部隊(duì)由內(nèi)衛(wèi)部隊(duì)和警種部隊(duì)組成，內(nèi)衛(wèi)部隊(duì)包括?。ㄗ灾螀^(qū)、直轄市）總隊(duì)和機(jī)動(dòng)師，警種部隊(duì)包括黃金、森林、水電、交通部隊(duì)，公安邊防、消防、警衛(wèi)部隊(duì)列入武警序列。

In peacetime, the PAPF's main tasks include performing guard duties, dealing with emergencies, combating terrorism and participating in and supporting national economic development. In wartime, it is tasked with assisting the PLA in defensive operations. Based on the national information infrastructure, the PAPF has built a three-level comprehensive information network from PAPF general headquarters down to squadrons. It develops task-oriented weaponry and equipment and conducts scenario-based training so as to improve its guard-duty, emergency-response and counter-terrorism capabilities. The PAPF is composed of the internal security force and other specialized forces. The internal security force is composed of contingents at the level of province (autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government) and mobile divisions. Specialized PAPF forces include those guarding gold mines, forests, hydroelectric projects and transportation facilities. The border public security, firefighting and security guard forces are also components of the PAPF.

民兵是不脫產(chǎn)的群眾武裝組織，是人民解放軍的助手和后備力量。民兵擔(dān)負(fù)參加社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)、執(zhí)行戰(zhàn)備勤務(wù)、參加防衛(wèi)作戰(zhàn)、協(xié)助維護(hù)社會(huì)秩序和參加搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)等任務(wù)。民兵建設(shè)注重調(diào)整規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)，改善武器裝備，推進(jìn)訓(xùn)練改革，提高以支援保障打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)能力為核心的完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)能力。民兵組織分為基干民兵組織和普通民兵組織。基干民兵組織編有應(yīng)急隊(duì)伍，聯(lián)合防空、情報(bào)偵察、通信保障、工程搶修、交通運(yùn)輸、裝備維修等支援隊(duì)伍，以及作戰(zhàn)保障、后勤保障、裝備保障等儲(chǔ)備隊(duì)伍。

The militia is an armed organization composed of the people not released from their regular work. As an assistant and backup force of the PLA, the militia is tasked with participating in the socialist modernization drive, performing combat readiness support and defensive operations, helping maintain social order and participating in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations. The militia focuses on optimizing its size and structure, improving its weaponry and equipment, and pushing forward reforms in training so as to enhance its capabilities of supporting diversified military operations, of which the core is to win local wars in informationized conditions. The militia falls into two categories: primary and general. The primary militia has emergency response detachments; supporting detachments such as joint air defense, intelligence, reconnaissance, communications support, engineering rush-repair, transportation and equipment repair; and reserve units for combat, logistics and equipment support.