久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

US EUROPE AFRICA ASIA 中文
Opinion / Web Comments

Pros and cons of PPPs in water sector

By Zhang Yingxin Louisa and Asit Biswas (chinadaily.com.cn) Updated: 2013-05-02 16:11

China has made great achievements in water supply and sanitation, and some of the important developments in the sectors have been possible because of private sector involvement.

Traditionally a public sector responsibility, the water sector has undergone major changes in the past two decades because of the continuing evolution of China into a market-oriented economy.

Before the 1990s, water was treated as a "sacred cow" and almost everyone believed that water should be provided free of charge. This view started changing in the 1990s as China started deregulating its water sector, opening it up to private players and subsequently to foreign companies. Public-private partnerships (PPP) started in China with the build-operate-transfer (BOT) model and progressed to other arrangements by 2002.

An important debate going on today is whether PPPs have benefited the water sector in China. The common perception is that while private involvement may have improved the efficiency and cost recovery of the water sector, it has led to a sharp increase in water tariffs, loss of decision-making authority and made it more difficult for the poor to access water.

But experience shows that this may not necessarily have been the case. Inherently, PPPs are neither good nor bad; what determines their effectiveness is how effectively they are regulated.

A case that exemplifies this point is the successful water sector reform in Ma'anshan city, Anhui province. In 2002, the existing State-owned Ma'anshan Water Supply Company embarked on a joint venture with Beijing Capital Group, forming the Ma'anshan Beijing Capital Water (MAS-BCW). At that time, MWSC was receiving heavy government subsidies and operating at a loss because of poor cost recovery, and its service quality left much to be desired.

The PPP started out with one water treatment and supply plant that sold purified water to MWSC. This joint plant performed significantly better than other water treatment plants managed by MWSC alone. In 2004, the joint venture cooperation was extended to all of Ma'anshan city's water treatment plants under a 30-year concession, with BCG having a 60 percent stake in the company.

While the joint venture MAS-BCW was responsible for investing in, operating and maintaining the water treatment plants, the MWSC still owned the pipe network and the Ma'anshan government still controlled the water tariff. There were also provisions in the agreement with Beijing Capital Group to ensure that the concessionaire not change the public and social nature of water provisioning. MAS-BCW was to fulfill a set of social requirements such as employing all personnel from the old water company and reducing water bills of the poor. The deal was also to be evaluated at the end of each year to see if a set of performance targets in terms of quality, quantity, and cost recovery had been met. These were jointly mapped out by the government authorities and MAS-BCW.

Satisfied with the improved service quality of water provision by the PPP, the local government raised the water tariff from 0.83 to 1.08 yuan per cubic meter of water for household consumers. At that time, the average annual income of a household was 10,189 yuan ($1,650). Thus, the per capita daily use of 300 liters of water meant that 1.16 percent of a household's income was to be spent on water. Compared with the global average of 2-4 percent of a household's income being spent on water, Ma'anshan water services were very affordable.

In the case of Ma'anshan , a PPP for the water sector was a success since not only did the quality of service improve significantly, but also a loss-making operation was transformed into a financially viable one. Also, the typical risk of drastic increases in tariff for the people, especially for the lower-income groups, was avoided.

Nonetheless, the PPP in Ma'anshan is not without the risk of failure, because policies that govern PPP activities are based on inadequately and inconsistent laws, and can be changed unilaterally without consultation with the private sector or any consideration about the impact they would have on the private player.

The dearth of appropriate institutions and regulations governing PPP contracts led to the failure of the Beijing No. 10 water project. The project was awarded to a consortium of Anglian Water and Mitsubishi Corporation in 2002. The consortium failed to secure debt financing because of lack of proper financing policies and regulatory frameworks.

Improper planning of the terms of the PPP on the part of local governments has also led to disastrous outcomes. In 1998, the Chengdu No. 6 BOT water project, which was awarded to Veolia and Marubeni, resulted in massive economic losses for the municipal government as the price of water in the contract was set higher than what the municipality could afford to pay.

Whether or not PPPs lead to positive outcomes for China's water sector depends on numerous factors, including the strength of the legal and institutional frameworks in place, effectiveness of regulation in keeping the private sector on its toes and the appropriate balance of operational and financial risk sharing. In this context, the Chinese experience in PPP is similar to that of many other countries where some efforts have been very successful and others dismal failures.

What is clear, however, is that by learning from experiences, both from home and other developing countries, China should be able to structure new generation of PPPs in the water sector which would be more successful than the existing ones.

Zhang Yingxin Louisa is a master's student at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in Singapore. Asit K. Biswas is distinguished visiting professor at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and co-founder of the Third World Centre for Water Management.

Most Viewed Today's Top News
Home prices give the lie to notion of better future
...
久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

    a级免费在线观看| 色综合天天色综合| 无码少妇一区二区三区芒果| 精品一区二区成人免费视频| 国产原创popny丨九色| 最新天堂在线视频| 99精品在线免费视频| 九一精品久久久| 成人在线观看你懂的| 国产5g成人5g天天爽| 日本中文字幕片| 日韩精品一区二区三区四| 鲁一鲁一鲁一鲁一av| 日本a视频在线观看| 懂色av一区二区三区四区五区| 逼特逼视频在线| 97久久国产亚洲精品超碰热| 日本高清久久久| 国产a级片免费观看| 国产玉足脚交久久欧美| 日韩精品aaa| 奇米影音第四色| 极品美女扒开粉嫩小泬| www.国产二区| 国产免费色视频| 亚洲国产日韩欧美在线观看| 欧美在线观看成人| 欧美精品卡一卡二| 国产成人生活片| 久久精品99国产| www.18av.com| 国产精品中文久久久久久| 美女黄色片视频| 久章草在线视频| 国产成人无码a区在线观看视频| 日本高清xxxx| 特黄特黄一级片| 污污的视频免费| 亚洲这里只有精品| 免费激情视频在线观看| 黄色av网址在线播放| 国产精品无码人妻一区二区在线| 久久久精品视频国产| 日本三级免费观看| 鲁一鲁一鲁一鲁一色| 精品无码国模私拍视频| 亚洲色欲久久久综合网东京热| 欧美一级爱爱视频| 777久久精品一区二区三区无码| 成年人三级视频| 日本不卡一区二区三区四区| 青青草原播放器| 亚洲制服在线观看| 潘金莲一级淫片aaaaa免费看| 交换做爰国语对白| 亚洲美女自拍偷拍| 激情视频小说图片| 蜜桃视频一区二区在线观看| 国产精品69久久久| 青青草精品视频在线| 成人一对一视频| 久久9精品区-无套内射无码| 亚洲乱码国产一区三区| 在线观看av日韩| aaa一级黄色片| 艳母动漫在线观看| 日韩黄色片在线| 国产二级片在线观看| 女人另类性混交zo| 黄色永久免费网站| 国产在线观看中文字幕| 国产盗摄视频在线观看| 日韩精品综合在线| 国产一区二区三区精彩视频| 69久久久久久| 天天干天天操天天干天天操| 国产91porn| 一女被多男玩喷潮视频| 亚欧在线免费观看| 操人视频免费看| 国产xxxx振车| 亚洲精品中文字幕无码蜜桃| 中文字幕 欧美日韩| 日本丰满大乳奶| 精品中文字幕av| 中文字幕免费高清在线| 麻豆一区二区三区在线观看| 蜜桃传媒一区二区三区| 色乱码一区二区三区在线| 99久re热视频精品98| 男人操女人免费软件| 做a视频在线观看| 国产女教师bbwbbwbbw| 成人羞羞国产免费网站| 一区二区三区国产好的精华液| 国产免费裸体视频| 一级片视频免费观看| 国产精品久久久久久久久电影网| 成人亚洲视频在线观看| 五月天综合婷婷| 免费在线激情视频| 香蕉视频在线网址| www.四虎成人| 日本美女爱爱视频| 看欧美ab黄色大片视频免费| 91免费国产精品| 国产91色在线观看| 少妇高潮毛片色欲ava片| 91国内在线播放| 亚洲熟妇av日韩熟妇在线| 亚洲高清视频免费| 黄色片一级视频| 国产911在线观看| 国产 porn| 成人短视频在线观看免费| 国产精品天天av精麻传媒| 操人视频免费看| 日韩中字在线观看| 一女被多男玩喷潮视频| 看欧美ab黄色大片视频免费| 特级黄色录像片| 国产男女激情视频| 大荫蒂性生交片| 九色91popny| 国产精品久久久久久久乖乖| 久久99久久久久久| 天天综合网久久| 成人短视频在线看| 亚洲综合欧美激情| 亚洲熟妇国产熟妇肥婆| 在线观看日本www| 久久人妻精品白浆国产| 一级做a爱视频| 日本超碰在线观看| 国产天堂视频在线观看| 五月天开心婷婷| 日韩精品视频一区二区在线观看| 免费精品99久久国产综合精品应用| 人妻无码视频一区二区三区| 8x8ⅹ国产精品一区二区二区| jizz18女人| 99999精品视频| 欧美国产综合在线| 欧美视频在线第一页| 91精品999| 男人天堂网视频| 日韩视频免费播放| 视频在线观看免费高清| 午夜国产一区二区三区| 国产精品久久中文字幕| 特大黑人娇小亚洲女mp4| 久久人人爽av| 久久久久久久久久久久久国产精品| 一女被多男玩喷潮视频| 欧美中文字幕在线观看视频| 日本黄色a视频| 黄色一级片免费的| 手机av在线网| 亚洲第一中文av| 成人性做爰aaa片免费看不忠| 无码精品a∨在线观看中文| 精品久久久久久久久久中文字幕| 男人天堂新网址| 青青草免费在线视频观看| 91aaa精品| 国产高潮免费视频| gai在线观看免费高清| 亚洲一级片免费| 污片在线免费看| 一级黄色香蕉视频| 高潮一区二区三区| 亚洲国产日韩欧美在线观看| 午夜dv内射一区二区| 看欧美ab黄色大片视频免费| 免费无码毛片一区二三区| 久久久999视频| 欧美日本视频在线观看| 国产成人无码a区在线观看视频| 日韩中字在线观看| 日日碰狠狠躁久久躁婷婷| 不卡影院一区二区| 国内自拍视频一区| 日本激情视频在线播放| 国内av免费观看| 超碰在线免费观看97| 蜜桃视频成人在线观看| 91国在线高清视频| 久久av秘一区二区三区| 国产人妻777人伦精品hd| 91视频 -- 69xx| 国产a级片免费观看| av丝袜天堂网| 看一级黄色录像| 国产精品国产三级国产专区51| 97在线国产视频| 凹凸国产熟女精品视频| 手机av在线免费| 天天做天天爱天天高潮| a天堂资源在线观看| av日韩在线看|