(3)?The abuse of sanctions breaches international rules

Unilateral sanction is?a?"big stick" the US wields in dealing with other countries. Over many years, the US?has exercised?its financial hegemony and?abused its?technological clout to carry out frequent, unilateral?bullying?against other countries.

The US has enacted some draconian laws, such as the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, and the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, and?issued a?series of executive orders?to target and sanction specific countries, entities?or individuals.

The?ambiguous rules?contained in these acts and executive orders,?such as the "minimum contacts principle" and "doctrine of effects",?are in fact a willful?expansion of?the jurisdiction of?US?domestic laws.

These acts and executive orders make it possible for the US to abuse its?domestic?channels for prosecution?and exercise "long-arm jurisdiction" over entities and individuals in other countries. The two most prominent examples are the?case of French company Alstom and that?of Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou.

Statistics show that the Trump administration had imposed over 3,900 sanction measures, which means?the US?wielded its "big stick" three times a day?on average. As of fiscal year 2021, the entities and individuals on US?sanction lists?topped?9,421,?933% higher compared to the previous fiscal year.

The US unwarranted?unilateral sanctions and "long-arm jurisdiction" have gravely undermined the sovereignty and security of other countries, severely impacting?their economic development and people's wellbeing. The sanctions and "long-arm jurisdiction"?constitute a gross violation of?international law and basic norms of international relations.

The US sanctions against other countries have continued unabated into 2021.

The US administration, in collaboration with its European allies, have ramped up containment and suppression against Russia, imposed blanket sanctions allegedly in response to the Navalny incident and alleged Russian cyber attacks and interference in US elections, among others, and launched a diplomatic war by the expulsion of Russian diplomats.

With regard to issues such as the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline project and the?digital service tax, the US has?not hesitated to sanction?even its European allies.

Following the entry into force of the China-US phase one trade agreement, the US has taken further measures to suppress and contain China. It has placed over 940 Chinese entities and individuals on its restricted lists. According to statistics from?the Office of Foreign Assets Control?(OFAC)?of the US Department of the Treasury, as of?19 October?2021, a total of 391 entities and individuals?from China?(including Hong Kong and Macao)?have been sanctioned by the US.

In an article published in the September/October 2021 issue of Foreign Affairs, Daniel Drezner, Professor at Tufts University and Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, criticizes?successive US administrations for using "sanctions as the go-to solution for nearly every foreign policy problem." He notes that sanctions?not only are ineffective, but also "exert a humanitarian toll", and that?the United States of America has become the "United States of Sanctions".

US unilateral sanctions are a continuous, grave violation of?human rights of Americans and other peoples. The worst example is the protracted?US?blockade against Cuba.

For more than 60 years, in?total disregard of the many resolutions of the UN General Assembly, the US has?continued?its?comprehensive blockade against Cuba based on its embargo policies and domestic laws such as the?Torricelli Act?and the?Helms-Burton Act.

The Cuba blockade is the longest and cruelest?systemic trade embargo, economic blockade?and financial sanctions in modern history. The blockade has been gravely detrimental?to Cuba's economic and social development, causing US$100 billion?direct losses to Cuba's economy.

US blockade and sanctions against Iran began in?late 1970s. Over the past 40-plus years, US unilateral sanctions have increased?in?both?intensity and frequency.?They have gradually evolved into a rigorous sanction regime?that covers?finance, trade?and energy,?and are?targeted at both?entities?and individuals. The purpose is to intensify?pressure on Iran from all?dimensions.

In May 2018, the US government announced its unilateral withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), and soon after resumed and expanded?sanctions against Iran. Many countries and relevant entities have been?forced to give up their cooperation with Iran. A large number of foreign oil enterprises left the country. Iran's?manufacturing industry has been unable to?keep up?normal operations. The country has suffered?economic slowdown, coupled with heightened inflation?and massive currency depreciation.

The US?has imposed sanctions on?Belarus, Syria?and?Zimbabwe,?among others,?over the years, and ratcheted up?"maximum pressure" against?the DPRK, Venezuela, etc.