三、婦女與教育
III. Women and Education

中國積極促進(jìn)教育公平，調(diào)整教育結(jié)構(gòu)，堅(jiān)持貫徹性別平等原則，努力保障男女平等接受教育的權(quán)利和機(jī)會。
China actively promotes equality in education, adjusting the structure of education, adhering to the principle of gender equality, and working hard to guarantee equal rights and opportunities for both men and women to access education.

男女受教育差距明顯縮小。貫徹落實(shí)《中華人民共和國義務(wù)教育法》等相關(guān)法律法規(guī)和政策，采取切實(shí)措施，提高婦女受教育水平。實(shí)施女童專項(xiàng)扶助政策，保障適齡女童平等接受義務(wù)教育。2014年男女童小學(xué)凈入學(xué)率均為99.8%，提前實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)。女性接受初中及以上，特別是高等教育的機(jī)會顯著增加。2014年，初中和高中在校生中的女生比例分別為46.7%和50.0%；普通高等學(xué)校本專科和碩士研究生在校生中的女生比例分別為52.1%和51.6%，博士研究生在校生中的女生比例增至36.9%。設(shè)立掃盲教育專項(xiàng)資金，降低婦女文盲人數(shù)，2013年女性15歲及以上文盲率為6.7%，比1995年降低了17.4個百分點(diǎn)，女性文盲人口比1995年減少了7000多萬。女性平均受教育年限提高，性別差距縮小。第六次全國人口普查顯示，2010年6歲以上人口中女性平均受教育年限達(dá)到8.4年，比10年前提高了1.3年，與男性的差距比10年前縮小0.2年。
The gender gap in education has been markedly narrowed. The state implements the Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China and other relevant laws, regulations and policies, and takes practical measures to improve women's education. It has implemented a special policy to ensure school-age girls enjoy equal access to compulsory education. In 2014, the net primary school enrolment rates of boys and girls were both 99.8 percent, meaning that China has achieved the United Nations Millennium Development Goals ahead of time. Women now enjoy greater opportunities in junior high school education and above, particularly further education. In 2014, the proportion of female students in junior high schools was 46.7 percent and that in high schools was 50 percent; in institutions of higher learning women accounted for 52.1 percent of undergraduate students, 51.6 percent of postgraduate students, and 36.9 percent of students studying for Ph.D. degrees. The state has set up special funds to reduce the number of illiterate women. In 2013, the illiteracy rate for females at and over the age of 15 was 6.7 percent, 17.4 percentage points lower than in 1995; and the population of illiterate women fell by more than 70 million as compared with 1995. Women's average years of schooling have increased, and the gender gap has narrowed. The Sixth National Census showed that the average years of schooling for women over the age of six were 8.4 years in 2010, 1.3 years more than in 2000, and the gender gap had narrowed by 0.2 year as compared with 2000.

婦女接受職業(yè)教育和技能培訓(xùn)的比例不斷提高。國家制定和完善職業(yè)教育的法律政策，加大職業(yè)教育經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，完善助學(xué)政策體系，擴(kuò)大婦女接受職業(yè)教育規(guī)模。2014年，接受中等職業(yè)教育的女性規(guī)模達(dá)到805萬，普通中專在校女生達(dá)到397萬，分別占總數(shù)的44.7%和53.0%；全國接受各種非學(xué)歷高等和中等教育的女性規(guī)模分別達(dá)到346萬和2000多萬。開展“新型農(nóng)民科技培訓(xùn)工程”“國家高技能人才振興計劃”和針對農(nóng)民工職業(yè)技能提升的“春潮行動”“陽光工程”等多樣化培訓(xùn)，滿足不同婦女群體的職業(yè)發(fā)展需求。2013年，女性參加政府培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)舉辦的職工技能培訓(xùn)人數(shù)占培訓(xùn)總數(shù)的43.0%。
More and more women have been receiving vocational education and skill training. The state has enacted and improved laws and policies on vocational education, allocating more funds in this regard, improving student aid policies and increasing the number of women receiving vocational education. In 2014, the number of women receiving secondary vocational education was 8.05 million, accounting for 44.7 percent of the total, and the number of females studying in technical secondary schools was 3.97 million, making up 53 percent of the total student body in similar schools. Around the country, 3.46 million women had received non-degree higher education and more than 20 million had received non-degree secondary education. The state launched a project to train farmers in new technology, a plan for cultivating highly skilled personnel, in addition to a number of training programs for improving the vocational skills of migrant workers, such as the Spring Tide Action and Sunshine Project, to meet the needs of different groups of women for their vocational development. In 2013, women who participated in skill training programs organized by government training institutions accounted for 43 percent of the total number of trainees.

保障少數(shù)民族婦女和偏遠(yuǎn)貧困地區(qū)女童等公平享有教育資源。制定積極政策，開設(shè)少數(shù)民族專門學(xué)校，采取傾斜性定向招生措施，大幅增加少數(shù)民族女性接受各級各類教育的資源。制定貧困女童和女生專項(xiàng)教育計劃，確保偏遠(yuǎn)、貧困地區(qū)女生平等享有教育機(jī)會。加快農(nóng)村寄宿制學(xué)校建設(shè)，改善農(nóng)村女童的學(xué)習(xí)生活條件。出臺專項(xiàng)政策，為流動兒童在流入地接受教育創(chuàng)造條件。重視特殊教育，增加殘疾婦女接受各級各類教育的資源，殘疾婦女受教育水平不斷提高。性別平等原則和理念逐步融入教學(xué)和科研。越來越多的學(xué)校開始在教育內(nèi)容和教學(xué)方式中引入性別平等理念，一些地方嘗試在中小學(xué)開設(shè)性別平等教育課程，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生樹立男女平等的性別觀念。在一些師資培訓(xùn)計劃和師范類院校課程中增加性別平等內(nèi)容，增強(qiáng)教育工作者的性別平等意識。提高各級各類學(xué)校和教育行政部門決策和管理層的女性比例，女性在高等教育教學(xué)及管理等領(lǐng)域的參與狀況明顯改善，2014年，高校女教師比例為48.1%，比1995年增長了18.1個百分點(diǎn)。高等學(xué)校女性學(xué)學(xué)科建設(shè)不斷加強(qiáng)。目前，百余所高校開設(shè)了440余門女性學(xué)和性別平等課程，女性學(xué)碩士、博士學(xué)位點(diǎn)不斷增多。將性別平等議題納入國家哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)規(guī)劃，支持開展性別平等與婦女發(fā)展研究。
Women of ethnic minority groups, girls in remote poverty-stricken areas and other female groups now enjoy equal access to educational resources. The state has adopted proactive policies to set up vocational schools specially catered to ethnic minority students, and introduced preferential measures for targeted enrolment, substantially expanding ethnic minority women's access to educational resources of various types and at all levels. The state has developed special education programs for poor girls and schoolgirls, ensuring girls in remote and poor areas equal access to education. It has been accelerating the construction of boarding schools in rural areas, thereby improving the study and living conditions of rural girls. Specific policies have been introduced to provide education for migrant children where they move. China also attaches importance to special education, increasing disabled women's access to educational resources of various types and at all levels; as a result, disabled women have improved access to education. Principles and concepts of gender equality are gradually extending into teaching and scientific research. More and more schools have begun to introduce the idea of gender equality in educational content and teaching methods, and some primary and high schools are now offering courses in gender equality, directing younger students to relate to the idea of gender equality. Gender equality has also been introduced to some teacher training programs and normal school courses, in order to enhance teachers'awareness of gender equality. More women now occupy positions of decision-making and management in schools and educational administrative departments of all types and at all levels, greatly improving women's participation in teaching, management and some other areas of higher education. In 2014, the proportion of female teachers in institutions of higher learning was 48.1 percent, an increase of 18.1 percentage points over 1995. Women's studies continues to strengthen as a discipline in institutions of higher learning. Currently, more than 100 colleges and universities offer in excess of 440 courses on women's studies and gender equality, and the number of master's and doctoral programs on women's studies continues to grow. The state has also included gender equality in the national plans of philosophy and social sciences to support research in gender equality and women's issues.