久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

您現(xiàn)在的位置: Language Tips> Audio & Video> Special Speed News  
   
 





 
Exploring the art of glass through history and around the world
[ 2009-09-16 16:34 ]

 

Glass artist Tim Tate makes art with a message of healing.

VOICE ONE:

I'm Barbara Klein.

VOICE TWO:

Exploring the art of glass through history and around the world

And I'm Steve Ember with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. At the Smithsonian American Art Museum, you can see a large heart-shaped sculpture made of blown glass. The deep red colored heart is topped with a burning flame also made of glass. It is called the "Sacred Heart of Healing" and was made by the artist Tim Tate. How did he make this interesting glass form? Today we answer this question as we explore the art of making glass.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Throughout history, people from cultures around the world have been making glass. People first found and used glass made by nature. For example, lightning can create tubes of glass when it strikes sand that has the right combination of minerals. Glass pieces produced by lightning are called fulgurites.

Obsidian is a kind of black glass formed when the heat of a volcano melts the silica material in sand. Ancient cultures broke off pieces of obsidian to make knives and weapons such as arrows. The ancient Aztec civilization in current day Mexico used obsidian for making hunting tools and jewelry. The Aztecs made extremely sharp knives and weapons from obsidian. This is one reason experts say they never developed the use of metal.

VOICE TWO:

Glass is considered a physical state of matter. It may look solid, but it is a liquid as well. This is because glass has the hardness of crystal materials while also having a disordered arrangement of molecules like a liquid.

The chemical quality of glass is what makes up its color. Impurities in glass such as iron can give it a green or brown color. Adding chemicals to the glass can give it different color intensities and effects. For example, adding copper to glass can make it blue, while adding tin can make it white.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

It is hard to say exactly when humans first started making glass. The Roman historian Pliny said that Phoenician sailors accidentally discovered how to make glass over 3000 years ago. The sailors landed on a beach and started a cooking fire near some containers of the mineral natron. The next day, they realized that the sand and natron under the fire had melted then cooled into glass. Other experts say glass making first started four to five thousand years ago in ancient Mesopotamia, present day Iraq and Syria.

VOICE TWO:

One of the earliest methods developed for making glass containers is called core-forming. A glassmaker places a rounded piece of clay material on the end of a long metal stick. Once the clay dries, the glassmaker dips the form in a container of hot liquid glass until it is covered. The artist can then add a second color of glass to make designs over the first layer of glass. Once the glass form cools completely, it is taken off the metal stick. The clay inside is carefully cut out to form a glass container.

VOICE ONE:

Another ancient method of making glass that is still used today is called casting. Casting involves making a clay form in which the shape of the glass container is carved. Then, the artist puts small pieces of glass material inside of the clay form. When it is cooked at a very high temperature, the glass pieces melt and take the shape of the clay form. Once the solid glass object cools, an artist uses special tools to carve an opening in the container.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

But it was another method of making glass --the blown glass method-- that changed the glass industry of the ancient world. It was first developed in the Roman Empire about 2000 years ago. This new technology made glass production faster and less costly. A glass container made by casting or core-forming could take a few days to make. With glass blowing, an artist could make many containers in a day.

VOICE ONE:

Glassblowing involves gathering hot liquid glass on the end of a metal pipe called a blowpipe. The glass reaches a temperature of about 1000 degrees Celsius. At this temperature, the glass is a bright orange color. The glassblower must turn the pipe constantly so that the thick liquid glass does not fall off the end. He or she then blows through the pipe so that the glass expands into a rounded bubble form. The blown piece of glass can be worked and formed to create many different kinds of shapes. To reshape the glass, it must be continually reheated to stay soft.

VOICE TWO:

In modern terms, the hot oven that the glassblower uses to quickly reheat the glass is called a "glory hole." The artist can shape the hot glass using metal tools such as jacks, tweezers and shears. Or, he or she can place the hot glass on a metal table called a marver to shape the form by rolling it back and forth. Watching an expert glassblower is an exciting experience. The artist moves as quickly and as gracefully as a dancer.

VOICE ONE:

Exploring the art of glass through history and around the world

In 13th century Italy, the government ordered glassblowers in Venice to move to the island of Murano. The aim was to reduce the threat of fires from the glassmakers' furnaces. It was also useful for the glassmakers to be together so that they could control the secrets of their trade. Each generation of glassmaker would pass along the secrets of the trade to the next generation.

Murano glass became famous around the world. It is still a center for glass production today. In fact, the Murano glassblowing tradition has been a major influence on one of the most famous American glass artists today, Dale Chihuly. Chihuly trained in Murano in the 1960s. His electrically colorful and fluid glass works can be seen in museums around the world.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

The Washington Glass Studio is located near Washington, D.C., in Mount Rainier, Maryland. This is where the artist Tim Tate works and teaches. Here he tells about his "Sacred Heart of Healing" sculpture that we talked about earlier.

Exploring the art of glass through history and around the world

TIM TATE: "My name is Tim Tate and I am a glass sculptor. In the Smithsonian, there is a blown glass heart with a flame coming out of the top. The image in the flame is a hand and off of each fingertip are different natural healing techniques. The first heart I made was when my mother was extremely ill and after she passed away I made the heart larger. For me, it was a memory piece. For years afterwards I made these large sacred hearts. Some of them were clear with things inside, some of them were very colorful."

VOICE ONE:

Making these hearts is not easy. Tate works with a team of glass artists at a studio in the state of North Carolina.

Tim Tate is also the director of the Washington Glass School. He says he loves teaching glass skills to students because he learns so much from them. And, he likes to work near the other glass artists in the school because they can exchange ideas and methods.

Tate first became interested in glass by watching glassblowers as a young child. As an adult, he developed his love of glass making for very different reasons.

TIM TATE: "When I was just a small kid I went to Corning Glass works and watched the glass blowers there and was really mesmerized by that. And then, years ago when I first found out that I was HIV positive, my initial reason for doing glass was I wanted to leave one glass vase for my nephew and nieces to remember their uncle by. My initial reason was a sense of legacy.

"And then, I kept living and 23 years later, I am in many museums around the world. I just got good at it, because I knew I had to hurry because I was supposed to die."

VOICE TWO: Tim Tate makes glass that is meant to be sculptural. He says the message in his work is usually about healing.

TIM TATE: "My messages in all of these is all about healing. Either healing ourselves, or society's healing, or healing through making art, or healing through viewing art. So, that's what my content tends to be about."

VOICE ONE:

Tim Tate also makes sculptures that he calls reliquaries. These works are made of clear blown glass containers with different objects inside. He has a big collection of interesting small objects such as maps, tools, game pieces, and dolls for putting inside the containers.

Exploring the art of glass through history and around the world

One reliquary is called "Dice." It is filled with hundreds of small red cubes for playing games of chance. The surface of the container is covered with writing that has been cut into the glass. The message tells about different methods for guessing about the future. It says that good health can sometimes be a matter of luck.

Tim Tate is also working on a series of blown glass sculptures inside of which are small televisions playing videos. In these detailed works, the ancient art of glass meets the modern world of technology.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

This program was written and produced by Dana Demange. I'm Steve Ember.

VOICE ONE:

And I'm -----Barbara Klein. You can learn about other artists on our Web site, voaspecialenglish.com. Join us again next week for EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English.

fulgurite: natural hollow carrot-shaped glass tubes formed in quartzose sand or soil by lightning strikes 閃電熔巖

obsidian: a type of naturally-occurring glass formed as an extrusive igneous rock 黑曜石

silica: the oxide of silicon, chemical formula SiO2, and has been known for its hardness since the 16th century; it is a principal component of most types of glass and substances 硅石

the Aztecs: people of a state (often referred to as the Aztec Empire) in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, based in the central Mexican highlands during the late Postclassic period in Mesoamerican chronology 阿茲特克人

Phoenician: of or relating to an ancient civilization centered in the north of ancient Canaan, with its heartland along the coast of modern day Lebanon and Syria 腓尼基的;腓尼基人的

natron: a naturally occurring mixture of hydrated sodium carbonate and about 17% sodium bicarbonate along with small quantities of household salt and sodium sulfate 泡堿

glass blowing: the process of forming glass into useful shapes while the glass is in a molten, semi-liquid state 玻璃的吹制

jack: a device which lifts heavy equipment 千斤頂

tweezer: tools used for picking up small objects that are not easily handled with the human hands 鑷子

marver: a tool used in glassblowing. It generally is made of a polished steel surface attached to a metal or wooden table. A warm piece of glass is rolled on the marver, for two reasons: controlling temperature and adjusting shape. Because of the high specific heat capacity of the steel, it can absorb heat from the glass, particularly the outer skin.

reliquary: a container for relics 遺骨匣

Related stories:

美國(guó)總統(tǒng)選舉中的Glass ceiling

Put the glass down

From clay to art: exploring the world of ceramics

Exploring the history and art of printmaking

(Source: VOA 英語點(diǎn)津編輯)

英語點(diǎn)津版權(quán)說明:凡注明來源為“英語點(diǎn)津:XXX(署名)”的原創(chuàng)作品,除與中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)簽署英語點(diǎn)津內(nèi)容授權(quán)協(xié)議的網(wǎng)站外,其他任何網(wǎng)站或單位未經(jīng)允許不得非法盜鏈、轉(zhuǎn)載和使用,違者必究。如需使用,請(qǐng)與010-84883631聯(lián)系;凡本網(wǎng)注明“來源:XXX(非英語點(diǎn)津)”的作品,均轉(zhuǎn)載自其它媒體,目的在于傳播更多信息,其他媒體如需轉(zhuǎn)載,請(qǐng)與稿件來源方聯(lián)系,如產(chǎn)生任何問題與本網(wǎng)無關(guān);本網(wǎng)所發(fā)布的歌曲、電影片段,版權(quán)歸原作者所有,僅供學(xué)習(xí)與研究,如果侵權(quán),請(qǐng)?zhí)峁┌鏅?quán)證明,以便盡快刪除。
相關(guān)文章 Related Story
 
 
 
本頻道最新推薦
 
Kick oneself 追悔莫及
國(guó)慶“禁飛” ban on flying activities
All-star movie gives nation's history
俚語/ 情侶關(guān)系
英國(guó)人不能有“天倫之樂”嗎?
翻吧推薦
 
論壇熱貼
 
經(jīng)典英語口語,不得不看(推薦)
I chocolate you!怎么翻譯?
請(qǐng)教obama演講里的一句話
 
曬曬小D機(jī)器人暴強(qiáng)的翻譯
美國(guó)校園最in俗語大全

 

久久久无码人妻精品无码_6080YYY午夜理论片中无码_性无码专区_无码人妻品一区二区三区精99

    亚洲素人一区二区| 三级不卡在线观看| 一本大道av一区二区在线播放| 中文字幕不卡在线观看| 99r国产精品| 亚洲午夜影视影院在线观看| 91精品欧美综合在线观看最新 | 国产成人综合亚洲网站| 国产精品色婷婷久久58| 一本色道久久综合亚洲aⅴ蜜桃 | 欧美丰满少妇xxxbbb| 老司机精品视频一区二区三区| 久久久www成人免费毛片麻豆| 9i在线看片成人免费| 亚洲成人精品一区二区| 日韩欧美一二三| 99久久伊人网影院| 亚洲成人精品影院| 久久蜜桃一区二区| 色综合久久中文综合久久97| 青娱乐精品在线视频| 欧美国产激情一区二区三区蜜月| 日本韩国精品在线| 久久精品国产免费| 亚洲免费观看高清完整版在线观看| 欧美高清精品3d| 成人性生交大合| 天天亚洲美女在线视频| 26uuu精品一区二区| 91视频一区二区三区| 男女男精品视频网| 中文字幕一区二| 日韩精品中文字幕一区二区三区| 不卡av在线网| 日本亚洲电影天堂| 国产精品久久久久久久久动漫| 欧美日韩国产高清一区二区三区 | 91精品午夜视频| 不卡视频在线看| 蜜桃一区二区三区在线| 中文字幕佐山爱一区二区免费| 日韩欧美在线观看一区二区三区| 99视频精品全部免费在线| 麻豆国产精品一区二区三区| 亚洲免费观看高清在线观看| 精品国产免费一区二区三区香蕉 | 在线观看亚洲a| 国产成人免费视频精品含羞草妖精| 亚洲成人激情综合网| 国产精品久久久久久久久快鸭| 日韩午夜av电影| 在线观看精品一区| 成人午夜av在线| 久久av资源网| 午夜视频在线观看一区| 亚洲日本在线a| 久久综合九色欧美综合狠狠| 欧美日韩国产影片| av在线这里只有精品| 国内一区二区在线| 午夜激情久久久| 亚洲视频在线观看一区| 久久久久久免费| 欧美一区二区二区| 欧美丝袜自拍制服另类| av中文字幕在线不卡| 国产一区二区精品久久99| 日本女优在线视频一区二区| 一区二区三区在线视频观看| 欧美国产日本韩| 久久久国产午夜精品 | 一区二区三区精品在线| 中文字幕av资源一区| 久久久久免费观看| 精品国产成人系列| 91精品国产美女浴室洗澡无遮挡| 欧美亚洲一区二区在线| 91免费小视频| av一区二区久久| 成人深夜在线观看| 国产一区二区美女诱惑| 韩国理伦片一区二区三区在线播放| 日日噜噜夜夜狠狠视频欧美人| 一区二区三区四区不卡视频| 亚洲欧洲日产国码二区| 国产精品欧美久久久久无广告| 久久免费国产精品 | 国产亚洲精品aa午夜观看| 日韩免费一区二区| 日韩一本二本av| 日韩欧美国产麻豆| 日韩一区二区三区免费看 | 欧美日韩国产美| 欧美日韩免费高清一区色橹橹| 91麻豆国产精品久久| 色综合久久中文综合久久牛| 91女人视频在线观看| 色综合久久99| 日本高清免费不卡视频| 欧美午夜电影一区| 欧美日韩成人在线| 在线成人午夜影院| 欧美一区二区在线免费观看| 在线播放亚洲一区| 日韩一区二区三区电影| 日韩免费观看高清完整版| 日韩午夜精品电影| 久久中文娱乐网| 精品国产百合女同互慰| 久久久久久久性| 欧美国产国产综合| 亚洲视频你懂的| 亚洲精品免费电影| 亚洲mv在线观看| 蜜臀精品一区二区三区在线观看 | 一区二区三区在线免费视频| 夜夜嗨av一区二区三区中文字幕| 亚洲无人区一区| 日本免费新一区视频| 国产主播一区二区| 成人免费看的视频| 日本韩国欧美在线| 538在线一区二区精品国产| 日韩三级电影网址| 日本一区二区免费在线观看视频| 国产精品免费视频观看| 亚洲卡通动漫在线| 日韩黄色免费网站| 国产一区二区调教| 99国产精品久久久久久久久久| 在线观看网站黄不卡| 5858s免费视频成人| 久久品道一品道久久精品| 国产精品久久二区二区| 亚洲永久精品国产| 另类调教123区| 成av人片一区二区| 欧美日韩在线不卡| 亚洲精品一线二线三线无人区| 欧美激情一区二区三区蜜桃视频| 亚洲人成7777| 美女视频免费一区| 成人av在线影院| 欧美群妇大交群中文字幕| 精品国产乱码久久久久久久 | 狠狠色综合播放一区二区| 成人免费电影视频| 欧美色图12p| 久久久亚洲高清| 一区二区欧美国产| 久久97超碰国产精品超碰| jiyouzz国产精品久久| 欧美精选一区二区| 中文字幕巨乱亚洲| 视频一区视频二区在线观看| 国产精品白丝jk白祙喷水网站| 色综合久久综合中文综合网| 欧美成人精品1314www| 中文天堂在线一区| 日韩电影在线一区二区三区| 不卡电影一区二区三区| 欧美一级xxx| 亚洲免费伊人电影| 国产乱一区二区| 欧美日韩视频专区在线播放| 久久久99精品免费观看不卡| 亚洲五月六月丁香激情| 国产.欧美.日韩| 欧美一区二区三区免费观看视频| 欧美激情中文字幕一区二区| 午夜影视日本亚洲欧洲精品| 国产成人aaa| 欧美一级搡bbbb搡bbbb| 亚洲三级免费观看| 国产美女精品在线| 欧美男男青年gay1069videost| 国产精品免费人成网站| 六月丁香综合在线视频| 欧美影片第一页| 中文字幕在线不卡国产视频| 久久国产乱子精品免费女| 欧美性极品少妇| 综合欧美一区二区三区| 韩国av一区二区三区四区| 欧美精品99久久久**| 亚洲精品日日夜夜| 丰满少妇在线播放bd日韩电影| 欧美一区二区视频网站| 一区二区视频在线| 成人黄色网址在线观看| 精品av综合导航| 日韩电影在线观看电影| 91福利在线导航| 国产精品国产自产拍高清av王其| 麻豆成人免费电影| 欧美日韩在线三级| 亚洲激情自拍视频| 成人免费毛片嘿嘿连载视频| 久久久久久久久伊人| 狠狠色丁香九九婷婷综合五月|